• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.411-418
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• 2004

Background : Cigarette smoking is the single biggest avoidable cause of death and disability in most countries. Effective prevention of cigarette Smoking and help for those wishing to quit can therefore yield enormous health benefits for populations and individuals. Although most of smokers try to stop smoking for themselves, the success rate of quitting smoking is very low. Promoting and supporting smoking cessation should be an important health policy priority for healthcare professionals in all clinical settings. In this study, we tried to evaluate the effect of the educational program for smoking cessation of our hospital, the smoking pattern, and characteristics of adult smokers enrolled in the program. Methods : We enrolled 640 smokers, who has visited the '5 day stop smoking school' for smoking cessation from Jan 1998 to 2001. we evaluated the characteristics of the smokers based on the self report questionnaire at the beginning of the program and we also checked 100 smokers, enrolled in Inpatient Smoking Cessation Educational program, their smoking behavior and the cessation rate with postal questionnaire after finishing this program from Nov 2002 to Jan 2003. Results : The health was most common motivation for smoking cessation. The stress was the most important motivation of smoking. The overall smoking cessation rate of the smokers enrolled in inpatient smoking cessation school was 60%. The age of starting smoking and the kind of occupation have a significant difference between the success group and failure group of smoking cessation. Conclusion : The inpatient smoking cessation program was effective smoking cessation intervention in the adult smokers who enrolled in '5 day stop smoking school'.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 2013

To evaluate the effect of surface contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) on the microbiological safety of lettuce, this study was conducted to investigate the attachment, biofilm producing, survival, and cross-contamination of E. coli O157:H7 on stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The attachment rate of E. coli O157:H7 on PVC was 10 times higher than that on stainless steel after exposure 1 h in cell suspension. However, there was not a difference between two types of surface after exposure for 6 h and 24h. The biofilm producing of E. coli O157:H7 was TSB > 10% lettuce extracts > 1% lettuce extracts > phosphate buffer. When two kinds of materials were stored at various conditions ($20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, relative humidity (RH) 43%, 69%, and 100%), the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 at $30^{\circ}C$, RH 43% or RH 69% were reduced by 5.0 log CFU/coupon within 12 h regardless of material type. Conversely, the survival of E. coli O157:H7 at RH 100% was lasted more than 5 days. In addition, the reduction rate of E. coli O157:H7 was decreased in the presence of organic matter. The transfer efficiency of E. coli O157:H7 from the contaminated surface to lettuce was dependent upon the water amount of the surface of lettuce. Especially, the transfer rate of E. coli O157:H7 was increased by 10 times in the presence of water on the lettuce surface. From this study, the retention of E. coli O157:H7 on produce contact surfaces increase the risk cross-contamination of this pathogen to produce. Thus, it is important that the surface in post harvest facility is properly washed and sanitized after working for prevention of cross-contamination from surface.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.355-385
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• 2005

As the system of autonomous police that has been debated for long time is fixed to be introduced by the program of participatory government, this treatise intends to analyze main contents and review controversial items in order to present supplementary measures. The program of participatory government to introduce autonomous police in Korea focuses on converting the autonomous police of Korea from centralized police administration in order to provide 'customized security service' that is appropriate to the regional environment. Thus, if relevant city, county or district considers that it is required to introduce the system autonomous police, the assembly may enforce the decision by enacting ordinance. For enforcement, organization in the unit of section will be established in the line of mayor, county headman and district office. The main role will be security service that is closely related to the life of inhabitants such as crime prevention, patrol, traffic crackdown, etc. as well as public health, sanitation and environmental control which are being performed by autonomous organization at present. However some expected controversial items may be summarized in the following 3 points on the premise of accepting the program of government. First, the point at issue related to the basic function of police. The basic function of police is generally understood as order keeping function such as anterior and preventive job and law enforcing function such as posterior and suppressing job. By the way, the program of government does not endow the autonomous police with investigation right for general crime, thereby raising the controversy that our autonomous police is nothing but the assistant of police. Furthermore, the present national police also expresses its dissatisfaction to the transfer of authority. Second, the issue of balance of security service between self-governing bodies may be raised. The security environment is different between self-governing bodies and thus demand of security is different. Therefore, the security service of autonomous police will reveal difference in qualitative aspect for each self-governing body. Moreover, it can be easily anticipated that the quality of security service may be different as per the financial independence degree. Third, the point at issue anticipated with the operation funded by the budget of self-governing body. As autonomous police is operated by the budget of self-governing body, the following problems may be raised; (1) since police administration is subordinated to general administration, the concentration may be weakened (2) the cooperation between policy agencies may be impeded (3) owing to the difficult in possessing spare police, the mobility of police may be somewhat reduced.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.3
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• pp.79-110
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data necessary for creating a more successful health enhancement program, health education and health policy which can enhance health management abilities and enable a healthy school life by examining relations between high school students' health perception, who are in early adolescence, and their health promotion behavior. The subjects in this study were 813 students from 8 high schools on Jeju Island. The collected data were analyzed with t-test and one-way ANOVA through questionnaires by researcher on the basis of advance research. The findings of this study were as belows : 1. When general characteristics were considered, health perception was more significantly affected by those who were boys, whose family income was on a higher level, who scored better in school, whose parents were more concerned about their children's health, and who had experiences of being hospitalized. Especially, the more parents were concerned about their children's health, the higher the child's self-confidence on health(p<.05), anxiety on health(p<.05), practicality on disease prevention(p<.05), self-confidence on future health(p<.01), health care ability(p<.01), and family roles on health(p<.05). The less parents were concerned about their children's health, the higher the child's anxiety on disease(p<.01) and uncertainty on future health(p<.01). 2. When students' health promotion behavior was concerned, in the area of Eating Habits, having regular meals(72.9%), moderate consumption of meat(89.7%) and a balanced diet(64%) were common, whereas having a regular breakfast(37.4%) and eating vegetables and fruits(43.6%) were rare. In the area of Exercise, all subareas such as exercising 3 or 4 times a week(76.7%), more than one hour of exercise at a time(74.9%), a short distance walk(51.8%), exercise within one hour after meals(87%), and whether wanning up or not(88.6%) were above average. In the area of Personal Hygiene, all subareas such as drinking boiled water(57.3%), washing hands after using the bathroom(71%), brushing teeth after eating(42.4%), washing up after going out(50.3%), and washing hair and taking a frequent bath(77.2%) were rare. In the area of Control of Personal Relations, consulting personal problems with family(78.7%) had a positive response, whereas meeting someone new(59.8%), maintaining sound relations with the opposite sex(47.3%), having respect for one's opinion(51.5%), and maintaining peaceful relations with people(58.4%) had rare negative results. In the area of Stress Management, not being competitive(69.4%), releasing problems(62.4%) and sleeping soundly(66.2%) were common, whereas having your own ways to relieve stress(46.8%) and having your own dreams and hopes(58.5%) were rare. 3. When general characteristics were considered, as far as relations of health promotion behavior were concerned, the boys were significantly different in the area of Eating Habits(p<0.01) and Exercise(p<0.01), and the girls were in the area of Personal Hygiene. As family economic status was high and parents were concerned about their children's health, the entire areas of health promotion behavior were significantly different. Whether or not they were hospitalized made no significant difference in statistics. 4. When their regions were considered, it comparing city to town, there was no statistically significant difference in health perception and relations of health promotion behavior according to general characteristics. As seen in the results above, high school students' level of health perception and level of practicing health promotion behavior were generally low. In conclusion, by enhancing health perception, a plan for activating health education, which can implement positive health promotion behavior, should be made.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.265-273
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• 2015

It is the better to take preventative measures against the natural intrusion in advance from invasive alien species that reduce biodiversity and cause economic loss to humans. If the prevention of intrusion and spread fails, we need to make active control and eradication. This study aims to introduce nutria (Myocastor coypus) control cases performed in the United Kingdom and the United States and to provide information for the contribution of nutria management measure improvements. The nutria eradication campaign in the United Kingdom was developed as a long-term plan based on sufficient understanding on the management target and objective and suitable support. Sufficient information on nutria was accumulated and the management strategy was flexibly modified according to the changes in management that were proactively reflected in the field. Regarding the eradication project at Chesapeake Bay in the United States, based on long-term ecological information, more advanced capture technology than in the United Kingdom were introduced and the eradication plan, strategy and implementation were configured by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the eradication campaign in the United Kingdom. The successful cases in the United Kingdom and the United State provide an information on how to improv the nutria management measure. For the eradication of nutria, it is necessary to reach a consensus between stakeholders and to form a consultative group between related organizations for periodic communication. Opinions on the field must be actively accepted in the consultation process for strategy and policy decision, and the eradication plan needs to be developed based on a management index. The eradication plan is required to be managed, evaluated and adjusted in a systematic way. Scientific management must be introduced and the management performance must be evaluated objectively so that a practical plan can be flexibly adjusted. It is also required to secure a long-term budget support and a stable organization and to input a concentrated budget at the proper period when there is high efficiency of eradication.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.9
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• pp.99-131
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• 2005

Terrorism which became today's common phenomena over the world is one of the most serious threats the world confront. Although International society make and operate outstanding anti-terrorism system, terror would never end without solving fundamental problems. The main body of terrorism converts from nation to organization and from organization to cell, which makes it difficult for us to recognize the main body. Since the target of today's new terrorism is many and unspecified persons, terrorists will never hesitate to use mass destruction weapons such as nuclear, biological, chemical weapons, and also use cyber-technique or cyber-terrorism. So, effective counter-terrorism measures should be performed as follows. First, it must be better for international society should make long-time plan of solving fundamental problems of terrorism other than to operate directly on terror organization and its means. Second, preventive method should be made. The most effective method of eradicating terrorism is prevention. For this, it is necessary to remove environmental elements of terrorism and terrorist bases, and to stop inflow of money and mass destruction weapons to terrorists. Third, integrated anti-terror organization should be organized and operated for continuous counter-terrorism operations. Also international alliance for anti-terrorism should be maintained to share informations and measures. Fourth, concerned department in the government should prepare counter-terrorism plans in their own parts as follows and make efforts to integrate the plans. - Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs : conventional terror - Ministry of Health and Welfare : bio-terror - Ministry of Science and Technology : nuclear-terror Especially, they should convert their policy and operation from post-terror actions to pre-terror actions, designate terror as national disaster and organize integrated emergency response organization including civil, government, and military elements. In conclusion, pre-terror activities and remedy of fundamental causes is the best way to prevent terror. Also, strengthening of intelligence activities, international cooperations, and preventive and comprehensive counter-measures must not ignored.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.22
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• pp.197-230
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• 2010

This study examined the institutional improvement directions of industrial security programs, particularly focusing upon policies and practices in the U.S., to enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs in Korea. This study also aimed to investigate the significance of institutional and/or policy implementations in preventing economic espionage attempt. Data leakage and/or loss of trade secrets in corporations has been a scary proposition and a serious headache to both the CEOs and the CSOs(Chief Security Officers). Security professionals or practitioners have always had to deal with data leakage issues that arise from e-mail, instant messaging(IM), and other Internet communication channels. In addition, with the proliferation of wireless and mobile technology, it's now much easier than ever for loss by data breaches to occur, whether accidentally or maliciously or even by an economic espionage attempt. The researcher in this study used both a case study and a comparative research to analyze the different strategies and approaches between the U.S. and Korea in regard of implementing policies to mitigate damages by economic espionage attempts and prevent them from occurring. The researcher first examined the current policies and practices in the U.S. in terms of federal government's and agencies' approach and strategies on industrial security programs and their partnerships with private-commercial-sectors. The purpose of this paper is to explain and suggest selected findings, and a discussion of actions to be taken on implementing a proactive and tactical approach to enhance the effectiveness of industrial security programs to fight against information loss or data leaks. This study used case reviews, literatures, newspapers, articles, and Internet resources relating to the subject of this study for triangulation of data. The findings during this research are as follows. This research suggests that both the private and the governmental sector should closely cooperate in the filed of industrial security to strengthen its traditional prevention strategies and reduce opportunities of economic espionage as well. This study finally recognizes both the very importance of institutional development led by the Government in preventing economic espionage attempts and its effectiveness when properly united with effective industrial security programs.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.34
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• pp.7-32
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• 2013

The idea of this study was derived from awareness of local governments and police's limitation on attempts to 'creating safe park'. The purpose of this study is to examine current political measures of preventing various types of possible crimes in the park and the limitation of those policies. Furthermore, this study aims to suggest possible explanations to utilize Private Security Sector for the effective and continuous way of managing park safety by considering legal and practical solutions and its expectations. The methods of analysis used in this study are, first, literature review of current park safety management policies. Second, this article examined implications of strategies of those policies throughout the case study of the USA's park safety policy. Third, this study suggested plans of action and role of Private Security Sector to improve park safety. The results present several arguments for the park safety. First, legislation of mandatory crime preventing programme in the early stages of designing park is required. Introducing the 'park special judicial police system' to the major parks for a immediate response to the crime can be one of suggestions. Moreover, proactive police response systems, such as one of the Seoul Metropolitan Police's policies- 'returning safe parks to a citizen' are required. Second, the case study of the USA regarding park safety confirmed that major parks in the USA have rigorous and detailed park regulations. It also showed that those parks take not only preventing measures, but also follow-up measures against crimes. Third, the results suggest creating human resources by contracting out Park Managers and Private Security Sector that have specialized experiences and techniques to prevent crimes and public disorders. Overall in this study, increased citizen's satisfaction level, control of continuous and systematic crimes, the spread of joint-production of public safety, and increased fields of the Private Security Sector are expected from the findings.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate determinent factors of the internet addiction that have influenced on middle school students. We randomly selected each one middle school in urban and rural areas, and conducted survey in 862 students of 2nd and 3rd grade from September 1 to 15, 2005. By using a statistical program called SPSS10.0, the data collected thereby were analyzed through a series of statistical methods including $x^2$-test, logistic regression analysis. The result of logistic regression analysis showed that the significant variables in urban area were resting time and using time a day. In rural area, sex, economic level, resting time and using time a day were significant variables. Higher status of internet addiction showed significant relationship with physical problems, anxiety, maladjustment to school, insufficient sleep time, fatigue in eyes, headache, pain in neck or shoulder, chronic fatigue, reduced vision, weight reduction, indigestion, xeroderma and adjustment to school. Especially, resting time and using time a day have dominant influence on internet addiction. And in case that the groups who showed high addiction tendency, there were negative health problem by physical, mental and social problem. To prevent internet addiction health education programs of right internet use and time, importance of rest, and health problems must be considered in internet addiction prevention policy.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-40
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• 2007

The research in this paper, for the effective implementation of CBD PoW PA(Program of Work on Protected Areas of Convention on Biological Diversity) that was adopted by CBD COP7(Conference of the Parties) in 2004, shows the objectives and activities of 9 each subject in PoW PA regarding domestic status and cases of national park management. Before anything else, according to the result of the review on the status of protected areas in Korea, there are 1,119 protected areas which are classified into 14 types and the total area is about $15,621km^2$. After a thorough review on 9 each subject about the implementation of CBD PoW PA, we found out that some parts such as management planning, prevention and alleviation of threats, and establishment of PAs system, are improved while financial support, improved social benefit, and MEE(Management Effectiveness Evaluation} fields are need to be improved. Especially regarding time-bound, ecological gap analysis on national level and MEE are need to be improved immediately. This paper could help us to understand the current status of PAs management system in Korea and to prepare national reports of CBD and implementation report of PoW PA. Based on research and results of this paper, we need to find the fields that have gaps in order to meet the requirements of the CBD PoW PA and the implementation tools that are suitable for managing Korea's protected areas. To effectively implement the various activities which require a systematic approach on the national level, the establishment of the networks among relevant organizations for protected areas are vital. To effectively reach the ultimate goal of CBD PoW PA, reducing the rate of biodiversity loss, it is essential that lots of plans established by authorities must be carried out in a constant manner to achieve goals of CBD PoW PA.