• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.75-82
• /
• 2000

Flexural behaviors of two typical architectural precast beam sections ; inverted tee and rectangular - were compared and investigated. The heights of web in inverted tee beams are generally less than half of beam depth in building structures to accomodate the nib of double-tee where the total building height limited considerably. The inverted-tee beams are designed for parking live load - 500kgf/$\m^2$ and market - 1,200kgf/$\m^2$ according to the currently used typical shape in the domestic market building site in Korea. The bottom dimension and area of rectangular beams are same to those of inverted tee beams to compare the flexural behaviors of two beams. These two beams are also reinforced for similar strength. Four flexural tests are performed on two beams. Following results are obtained from the tests; 1) The rectangular beam is simpler in production, transportation, and election, and more economic than the inverted tee beam for these two beams with same dimension and similar strength. 1) The estimations of flexural strength of two beams by Strength Design Method and Strain Compatibility Method is fully complied with the result of tests. However, Strain Compatibility Method is slightly ore accurate than Strength Design Method. 2) Overall deflections of two type beam under the service loads are less than those of the allowable limit in ACI Code provision. 3) The rectangular beam is failed in large deflection (average 12.56mm large) than those of inverted tee beams. 4) The rectangular and inverted tee beams with 6m span develop initial flexural crackings under the 88% of full service loading even though they designed to satisfy the ACI tensile stress limit provisions.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.6 no.5_6
• /
• pp.579-593
• /
• 2010

Low-power radio frequency (RF) chip transceiver technology and the associated structural health monitoring platforms have matured recently to enable high-rate, lossless transmission of measurement data across large-scale sensor networks. The intrinsic value of these advanced capabilities is the allowance for high-quality, rapid operational modal analysis of in-service structures using distributed accelerometers to experimentally characterize the dynamic response. From the analysis afforded through these dynamic data sets, structural identification techniques can then be utilized to develop a well calibrated finite element (FE) model of the structure for baseline development, extended analytical structural evaluation, and load response assessment. This paper presents a case study in which operational modal analysis is performed on a three-span prestressed reinforced concrete bridge using a wireless sensor network. The low-power wireless platform deployed supported a high-rate, lossless transmission protocol enabling real-time remote acquisition of the vibration response as recorded by twenty-nine accelerometers at a 256 Sps sampling rate. Several instrumentation layouts were utilized to assess the global multi-span response using a stationary sensor array as well as the spatially refined response of a single span using roving sensors and reference-based techniques. Subsequent structural identification using FE modeling and iterative updating through comparison with the experimental analysis is then documented to demonstrate the inherent value in dynamic response measurement across structural systems using high-rate wireless sensor networks.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.28 no.1A
• /
• pp.147-154
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to critically evaluate the structural performance of an innovative new shear resistance connecting structure of precast member. Joints such as shear resistance connecting structure require special attention when designing and constructing precast segmental structures. An experimental and analytical study was conducted to quantify performance measures and examine one aspect of detailing for developed shear resistance connecting structure. A computer program, named RCAHEST (Reinforced Concrete Analysis in Higher Evaluation System Technology), for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures was used. A joint element is used to predict the inelastic behavior of the joints between segmental members. Future work by the authors will do a model test of precast segmental prestressed concrete bridge columns with this shear resistance connecting structure, and examined both the structural behavior and seismic performance.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.105-116
• /
• 2009

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures have been most widely used because of their good economic efficiency. However, it is very weak in tensile stresses and difficult to control deflection due to the heavy self-weight of concrete. On the other hand, it is generally known that prestressed concrete structures can be the most effective to overcome the demerits of RC structures by using various tendon lay-out and its amount. In the prestressed concrete members, the inflection points of tendons should be placed effectively for the deflection control and the moment reduction. Therefore, in this study, the equations of tendon profiles are derived in terms of polynomials that satisfy essential conditions of tendon geometries such as inflection points and natural curved shapes of tendons placed in continuous members, from which vertical components of prestressing forces can be also calculated. The derived high order polynomial expression for the distributed shape of the upward and downward forces was transformed to an simplified equivalent uniform vertical force in order to improve the applicability in the calculation of member deflection. The influences of vertical forces by tendons to deflection and moment in a continuous slab were also considered depending on the distance from column face to the location of tendons. The applicability of the proposed method was examined by an example of deflection calculation for the cases of slabs with and without tendons, and the efficiency of deflection control by tendons was also quantitatively estimated.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.53-70
• /
• 2003

Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong is the longest suspension bridge in the world carrying both highway and railway. It has two H-shape concrete towers, each of which is composed of two reinforced concrete legs and four deep transverse prestressed concrete beams. A series of wind tunnel tests have been performed to measure the aerodynamic coefficients of the tower legs and transverse beams in various arrangements. A 1:100 scaled 3D rigid model of the full bridge tower assembled from various tower components has been constructed for different test cases. The aerodynamic coefficients of the lower and upper segments of the windward and leeward tower legs and those of the transverse beams at different levels, with and without the dummy bridge deck model, were measured as a function of yaw wind angle. The effects of wind interference among the tower components and the influence of the bridge deck on the tower aerodynamic coefficients were also investigated. The results achieved can be used as the pertinent data for the comparison of the computed and field-measured fully coupled buffeting responses of the entire bridge under yaw winds.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.78 no.3
• /
• pp.269-280
• /
• 2021

Reinforced concrete (RC) structural walls with L-shaped sections are commonly used in RC buildings. The walls are often expected to sustain biaxial load and Unsymmetrical bending in an earthquake event. However, there currently exists limited experimental evidence regarding their seismic behaviour in these lateral loading directions. This paper makes experimental and numerical investigations to these walls behaviours. Experimental evidences are presented for four L-shaped wall specimens which were tested under simulated seismic load from different lateral directions. The results highlighted some distinct behaviour of L-shaped walls sustaining Unsymmetrical bending relating to their seismic performance. First, due to the Unsymmetrical bending, out-of-plane reaction forces occur for these walls, which contribute to accumulation of the out-of-plane deformations of the wall, especially when out-of-plane stiffness of the section is reduced by horizontal cracks in the cyclic load. Secondly, cracking was found to affect shear centre of the specimens loaded in the Unsymmetrical bending direction. The shear centre of these specimens distinctly differs in the flange in the positive and negative loading direction. Cracking of the flange also causes significant warping in the bottom part of the wall, which eventually lead to out-of-plane buckling failure.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.407-416
• /
• 2021

The checking stresses in the Chinese codes for reinforced concrete (RC) or prestressed concrete (PC) bridges are aimed for the thin-web beam, which cannot reflect the actual behavior of the modern structures. The incompleteness of the checking stresses could give rise to the deficiency in the design and calculation, and unable to reveal the reason of some common cracks in the structure. In this paper, the complete stress checklist for RC or PC girder bridges are listed, as well as the corresponding crack shapes. The expression of the complete checking stresses is proposed in details. Spatial Grid Model can reflect all the concerned stresses in the structure. Through the comparison of the calculation results from the spatial grid model and the solid model, it is seen that the spatial grid model can reflect load effects such as shear lag effect, thin-wall effect and local effect. The stresses obtained from the spatial grid model could help engineers to have a good understanding of the structural behavior. Meanwhile, the stress checklist provides the information for analyzing and solving the deficiency in the structure.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.31 no.4A
• /
• pp.279-286
• /
• 2011

FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) tendons can be used as an alternative to solve the corrosion problem of steel tendons. Material properties of FRP tendons-bond strength, transfer length, development length-must be determined in order to apply to concrete structures. First of all, in case of application for pretension concrete members with CFRP tendons, transfer length is an important characteristic. The bond of the material characteristics should be demanded clearly to apply to PSC structures prestressed with FRP tendons. This paper investigated on the bond characteristics of FRP reinforcements with various surface-type. To determine the bond characteristics of FRP materials used in place of steel reinforcement or prestressing tendon in concrete, pull-out testing suggested by CAN/CSA S806-02 was performed. A total of 40 specimens were made of concrete cube with steel strands, deformed steel bar and 6 different surface shape FRP materials like carbon or E-glass. Results of the bonding tests presented that each specimen showed various behaviors as the bond stress-slip curve and compared with the bond characteristic of CFRP tendon developed in Korea.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.241-258
• /
• 2012

The need for long-span members increases gradually in recent years, which makes issues not only on ultimate strength but also on excessive deflection of horizontal members important. In building structures, the post-tension methods with unbonded tendons are often used for long-span members to solve deflection problems. Previous studies on prestressed flexural members with unbonded tendons, however, were mostly focused on the ultimate strength. For this reason, their approaches are either impossible or very difficult to be implemented for serviceability check such as deflection, tendons stress, etc. Therefore, this study proposed a flexural behavior model for post-tensioned members with unbonded tendons that can predict the initial behavior, before and after cracking, service load behavior and ultimate strength. The applicability and accuracy of the proposed model were also verified by comparing with various types of test results including internally and externally post-tensioned members, a wide range of reinforcement ratios and different loading patterns. The comparison showed that the proposed model very accurately estimated both the flexural behavior and strength for these members. Particularly, the proposed model well reflected the effect of various loading patterns, and also provided good estimation on the flexural behavior of excessively reinforced members that could often occur during reinforcing work.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.269-279
• /
• 1994

This paper concentrates on the finite element analysis of concrete structures considering the material nonlinearity and time-dependent structural behavior. Using the rotating crack model among the smeared cracking model, the structural behavior up to ultimate load is simulated, and concrete is assumed to be an orthotropic material. Especially to include the tension stiffening effect in bending behavior, a criterion based on the fracture mechanics concept is introduced and the numerical error according to the finite element mesh size can be minimized through the application of the proposed criterion. Besides, the governing equation for steel is systematized by embeded model to cope with the difficulty in modeling of complex geometry. Finally, to trace the structural behavior with time under cracked and/or uncracked section, an algorithm for the purpose of time-dependent analysis is formulated in plane stress-strain condition by the age-adjusted effective modulus method.