• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.2617-2624
• /
• 2012

Interferential currents (IFC) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) are used for pain management. This study compared the analgesic effects of IFC and TENS on experimentally induced ischemic pain in otherwise pain-free subjects using a modified version of the submaximal-effort tourniquet technique. The subjects were 14 volunteers (7 male, 7 female) without known pathology that could cause pain. Their mean age was $26.7{\pm}2.0$ years. A single-blind, sham controlled, parallel-group method was used. The primary outcome measure was the change in the self-report of pain intensity during 1 of 3 possible interventions: (1) IFC, (2) TENS, or (3) sham electrotherapy. The IFC and TENS were administered on the forearm, and the sham electrotherapy group received no current output via a dummy stimulator. The results show that a 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that there was no change in pain intensity during treatment when all 3 groups were considered together. The mean to pain intensity with the IFC intervention was no different than with TENS. Thus, Statistical analysis showed that both interventions decreased the pain intensity ratings significantly and the difference between interventions was not simply insignificant. IFC has been shown to be more comfortable than TENS in present studies and is likely to be better accepted and tolerated by patients, clinical investigation is warranted.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.7 no.8
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2007

Recently, Embedded systems are different with the past as loading of a simple application program that executed specific functions according to the use and are evolved in the digital convergence integrated multimedia functions and then the complication of the application program is remarkably increased. This application program is combined and evolved with many application program in accordance with the demand of the age. For develope and manage this developing application is necessary standardized interface between developer and manager. POSIX was developed as the standard of the operating system in the standard interface which has the open system structure in computing system, and there is a posix.4 to standard for the system demands the loading of real-time operating system like a digital convergence devices. In this paper, we present the contents of designing and implementing the real-time operating system UbiFOSTM to wrapper for supporting the POSIX.4. Also, Experimental results show that implemented wrapper to application program standardizing POSIX.4 in linux and UbiFOSTM is slight only $3{\sim}9{\mu}s$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.326-336
• /
• 1991

Present study was to investigate the effect of dietary vegetable sources such as carrot, peahull and squash on mineral balance of Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mg in mice. It would also determine if the kind, level and feeding period of vegetables can affect the mineral balance. One hundred and thirty mice weighing $29{\sim}30g$(8 weeks of age) were randomly selected. Ten mice were fed their standard diet, and the others were divided into three experimental groups that were fed standard diet supplemented with carrot, peahull and squash. Mineral intake and urinary and fecal excretion of minerals were measured to investigate the effect of the kind, level and feeding period of vegetables on absorption rate and balance of minerals. Body-weight gain was increased in high peahull diet group compared to the control. No significant difference was observed for feed efficiency ratios between different experimental groups and urine volume was increased by vegetable fed group. Na, Ca, Fe, and Cu intake were lower in high squash-diet fed soup. K intake was higher in carrot fed mice, and Zn, and Mg intake were higher in peahull fed mice. Absorption rate and balance of mineral in control group resulted in positive balance while experimental groups showed negative. The kind of vegetable, feeding level and feeding period affected the intake of Na, K, Ca, Cu and absorption rate of Cu, Zn and balance of K, Cu, Zn to negative. In spite of the higher intake of t Zn and Mg, in experimental groups the absorption rate showed negative balance.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.98-125
• /
• 2015

This study will show the determinants of research productivity by fields in science and engineering. However, we present the differences between fields by personal attributes, research resources, and research productivities. The data includes 1,383 researchers who participated in the BK21 PLUS program during 2010-2012. The fields are physics, chemistry, biology, mechanics, electricity and electronics and chemical engineering. As for research productivity, 3 indices are used such as the number of papers publicized, patents and combination of papers and patents. As for explanation factors, two kinds of variables are used. The personal factors include sex, age, academic rank, location of affiliation, and country of PhD acquisition, and the resource factors are the number of graduate students, 3 types of research funds such as government fund, industrial fund and overseas fund. This study is unique in several aspects; Dealing with 3 productivity indices, and using massive official data, 6 different fields, and determinants of research productivity. The results are as follows; 1) there is a big difference in determinants by fields. 2) No variables affect the research productivity of all the fields at the same time. 3) In science, the number of determinants are quite low than engineering. 4) The ratio between papers and patents are different by fields. 5) The correlations between paper and patent by fields are different; no relationship in the field of physics and chemistry and positive relationship in the other 4 fields.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.5
• /
• pp.507-517
• /
• 2017

This study suggests that the diversity of parks is necessary because the number of children, who are the main users in children's parks, is decreasing and the use of parks by older people is increasing. In particular, the present aging society is trying to propose a multi-purpose park to solve the problem of the elderly leisure. To do this, this study surveyed domestic and foreign children's parks and selected study sites to understand the usage patterns of children's parks. As a result of surveying the location of the park to select the study sites, most children's parks were found mostly in single family housing areas and multi-family housing areas. As a result of the survey, it was found that the children's parks consisted of streets and areas by the 'City Parks and Greenery Act' and they were uniform. This paper presents basic data for the development of a model for producing a multipurpose park that can be used for children's parks by the elderly. The subjects of this study were selected from 7 districts of Daegu city, which were classified into single family housing areas and multi-family housing areas. As a result, the arrangement of various facilities in the children's park is insufficient, and it was uniform without a design motive and contents. Therefore, the utilization rate of various age groups could be increased by developing a multi-purpose park model for a children's park.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.52 no.4
• /
• pp.299-305
• /
• 2008

Gabapentin, 1-(aminomethyl) cyclohexaneacetic acid, is a amino acid derivative, and is clinically effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain and partial seizures of epilepsy as a complementary therapy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two gabapentin tablets, $Neurontin^{R}$ tablet 800 mg (Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.) and Gabapenin tablet 800 mg (Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of gabapentin from the two gabapentin formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with 0.06 M HCI dissolution media. Twenty six healthy male subjects, $23.85{\pm}2.24$ years in age and $69.40{\pm}11.11$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ crossover study was employed. After a single tablet containing 800 mg as gabapentin was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of gabapentin in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in the tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated, and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Neurontin^{R}$, were 1.28%, 0.63% and 0.62% for $AUC_{t}$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., $log0.9097{\sim}log1.1598$ and $log0.8919{\sim}log1.1262$ for $AUC_{t}$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Gabapenin tablet 800 mg was bioequivalent to $Neurontin^{R}$ tablet 800 mg.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.10-23
• /
• 2000

Four-constitutional theory proposed by Dr. Lee, Je-ma has been evolve for last 100years by his followers. One of the major progresses was the emergence of constitutional acupuncture proposed by Dr. Kwan Doh-won. Constitutional acupuncture included the new pulse diagnostic method to determine the body type, pulse diagrams and corresponding acupuncture method called five element acupuncture in which five-element points in 12 meridian channels are used. Dr. Sa-ahm proposed five-element acupuncture three and a half hundred years age. Conjunction of Dr Lee's theory to Dr. Kwan proposed eight constitutions with eight pulse diagrams. He also adopted eight acupuncture prescriptions out of twenty-four Sa-ahm's acupuncture prescriptions. The author, Dr. Yom Tae-hwa, proposed more inclusive theory of 24 constitutions with 24 diagnostic pulse diagrams in Las Vegas International Acupuncture Convention in 1986. This article reviews history of constitutional medicine briefly. Each step of theoretical evolution from four-constitutional theory to twenty-four-constitutional theory is explained. By understanding the theoretical connection between twelve meridian channels based on five-element theory and four-constitutional theory in the article, one will easily accept the emergence of twelve of twenty four constitutional theory. Next, the article is focused on four subcategories under Sao-Yin constitution, which are one-sixth of 24 constitution. in this section classification, pulse diagnostic method, pulse diagram acupuncture prescriptions and herbal prescriptions are explained in detail. Then, clinical trial reports of acupuncture treatment and/or herbal formulas for such constitutions are attached for the rest part of the article. the purpose of this paper is to present the new hypothesis with the result of preliminary clinical trial hoping that additional clinical reports from other practitioners in this field triggers well-designed clinical study in future.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.165-170
• /
• 2016

Background: In elderly high-risk surgical patients, sutureless aortic valve replacement (AVR) should be an alternative to standard AVR. The potential advantages of sutureless aortic prostheses include reducing cross-clamping and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time and facilitating minimally invasive surgery and complex cardiac interventions, while maintaining satisfactory hemodynamic outcomes and low rates of paravalvular leakage. The current study reports our single-center experience regarding the early outcomes of sutureless aortic valve implantation. Methods: Between October 2012 and June 2015, 65 patients scheduled for surgical valve replacement with symptomatic aortic valve disease and New York Heart Association function of class II or higher were included to this study. Perceval S (Sorin Biomedica Cardio Srl, Sallugia, Italy) and Edwards Intuity (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) valves were used. Results: The mean age of the patients was $71.15{\pm}8.60years$. Forty-four patients (67.7%) were female. The average preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was $56.9{\pm}9.93$. The CPB time was $96.51{\pm}41.27minutes$ and the cross-clamping time was $60.85{\pm}27.08minutes$. The intubation time was $8.95{\pm}4.19hours$, and the intensive care unit and hospital stays were $2.89{\pm}1.42days$ and $7.86{\pm}1.42days$, respectively. The mean quantity of drainage from chest tubes was $407.69{\pm}149.28mL$. The hospital mortality rate was 3.1%. A total of five patients (7.69%) died during follow-up. The mean follow-up time was $687.24{\pm}24.76days$. The one-year survival rate was over 90%. Conclusion: In the last few years, several models of valvular sutureless bioprostheses have been developed. The present study evaluating the single-center early outcomes of sutureless aortic valve implantation presents the results of an innovative surgical technique, finding that it resulted in appropriate hemodynamic conditions with acceptable ischemic time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.40 no.7 s.276
• /
• pp.473-479
• /
• 2007

Background: The Hetzer procedure for the correction of Ebstein's anomaly has the advantages of technical feasibility and incorporation of the atrialized right ventricle (RV) into the functional RV. Material and Method: We preformed a retrospective review of 11 patients with Ebstein's anomaly and they had undergone a Hetzer procedure between March 2002 and December 2006. Result: The median age at operation was 19.8 years (range: 6 months ${\sim}56$ years). There were 4 males and 7 females. All patients showed severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) preoperatively, and arterial desaturation (<95%) was present in 3 patients. The original Hetzer technique was employed in 6 patients with the Carpentier type A anomaly. In the remaining 5 patients with the Carpentier type B or C anomalies, valve competence was restored at the level of the displaced tricuspid valve mechanism. Adjunct bidirectional cavo-pulmonary shunt, or one and a half ventricle repair strategy was employed for all the patients. The median follow-up was 8.6 months (range: $0.8{\sim}51.9$ months). There was no early or late death, and the immediate postoperative TR was trivial to mild in 8 patients. The median cardio-thoracic ratios on chest X-ray at the preoperative period and at postoperative 0, 1 and 6 months were 65%, 62%, 55% and 55%, respectively. Conclusion: The original or modified Hetzer procedure for Ebstein's anomaly shows excellent intermediate-term outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.299-303
• /
• 2011

Objective : Brainstem metastases are rarely operable and generally unresponsive to conventional radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Recently, Gamma Knife Radiosurgery (GKRS) was used as feasible treatment option for brainstem metastasis. The present study evaluated our experience of brainstem metastasis which was treated with GKRS. Methods : Between November 1992 and June 2010, 32 patients (23 men and 9 women, mean age 56.1 years, range 39-73) were treated with GKRS for brainstem metastases. There were metastatic lesions in pons in 23, the midbrain in 6, and the medulla oblongata in 3 patients, respectively. The primary tumor site was lung in 21, breast in 3, kidney in 2 and other locations in 6 patients. The mean tumor volume was $1,517mm^3$ (range, 9-6,000), and the mean marginal dose was 15.9 Gy (range, 6-23). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was obtained every 2-3 months following GKRS. Follow-up MRI was possible in 24 patients at a mean follow-up duration of 12.0 months (range, 1-45). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic factors. Results : Follow-up MRI showed tumor disappearance in 6, tumor shrinkage in 14, no change in tumor size in 1, and tumor growth in 3 patients, which translated into a local tumor control rate of 87.5% (21 of 24 tumors). The mean progression free survival was 12.2 months (range, 2-45) after GKRS. Nine patients were alive at the completion of the study, and the overall mean survival time after GKRS was 7.7 months (range, 1-22). One patient with metastatic melanoma experienced intratumoral hemorrhage during the follow-up period. Survival was found to be associated with score of more than 70 on Karnofsky performance status and low recursive partitioning analysis class (class 1 or 2), in terms of favorable prognostic factors. Conclusion : GKRS was found to be safe and effective for management of brainstem metastasis. The integral clinical status of patient seems to be important in determining the overall survival time.