• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-38
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• 2005

Our paper aims to estimate a household consumption function in the presence of liquidity constraints as well as household characteristics. Empirical findings from a Korean cross-sectional data (National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure) reveal that several family characteristics, such as household size, number of working members, children in school, and educational level and age of the household head, turn out to be critical determinants of household consumption. Especially, the influence of household size on consumption decision is shown to be highly significant, not only indirectly through its impact on household income, but also directly by affecting the household's preference for consumption itself. While, the other family characteristics primarily influences household income. Our paper distinguishes itself from existing literature in that it greatly improves the explanatory power of the estimated household consumption function by measuring the degree of the liquidity constraint rather than simply identifying its presence. Based on the assumption that the present value of human capital is a function of household characteristics, the degree of the liquidity constraint is represented by the underestimated portion of the human capital. Such a method of implementing the liquidity constraint is useful in treating various types of assets according to their liquidity. Finally, our estimated household consumption function is applied to decompose cross-sectional variances of consumption inequality. The analysis confirms that the overall alleviation in liquidity constraints in Korea after the 1997 currency crisis reduced consumption inequality despite the worsening of income inequality and changes in the demographic composition of family characteristics during the same period.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.428-438
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• 2016

The aim of this study, in order to reduce the support burden of dementia primary caregiver, within the framework of long-term care insurance system to present its founding model for the development of new services. Previous research as analytical materials and based on the CARE study between 2012 to 2013. Primary caregiver burden of patient are both physical, psychological and economic aspects as well as difficulties in many aspects and had influence on many factors such as age, care burden, economic, health, and social support. It also came high-risk primary caregiver suffer from depression. This primary caregiver to take advantage of the elderly long-term care insurance system implemented at the time of the institutional support necessary for since 2008, presented additional services in this study. Of increasing the small sizes day care center (tentative name) to open an as established in the settlements at a scale of less than nine, within 5 minutes from the residence, limited dementia by expertise in the disease home care services scale model of the current system service It was to improve the quality of existing shares, small group sizes for day care centers and community life apart.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.685-701
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• 2015

The low fertility rate and the unprecedented rapid pace of population aging is a significant factor degrading the national competitiveness and the social security system of Korea. The government has implemented various maternity incentives to alleviate the low birth problem; however, the policy seems in effective to solve the problem of low fertility. This study proposes a conditional birth-order specific fertility rate and investigates the policy effects of fertility transition in Korea to provide a basis for more effective policy development. The use of a conditional birth-order specific fertility rate allows for an effective calculation of the change and the effect in total fertility rate than a birth-order specific fertility rate. We compare the effects of the total fertility rate according to various scenarios that enables us to calculate how the total fertility rate can achieve the current multi-child childbirth support policy of the government and estimate how the total fertility rate can be achieved when focusing on the first or second childbirth support policy. We also summarize the research results on policy development for a practical increase in the childbirth that considers the rapid decrease in women of childbearing age (15-49 years) due to continued low fertility and present the number of childbirths in accordance with the total fertility rate.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8728-8737
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• 2015

The purpose of this study compared the clinical features of suicidal attempters who visit in the past and present of an emergency medical center, used as a basic data for clinical severity and suicide prevention research of future patients. The author conducted a retrospective analysis of the changed characteristics of suicidal attempters who visit an emergency medical center of Wonkwang University Hospital between from January $1^{st}$, 1998 to December $31^{th}$, 1998 and from August $1^{st}$, 2013 to July $31^{th}$, 2015. Factors related to increased occurrence was changed from male(1.1:1) in 1998 to female(1.3:1) in 2013-2015, from age of $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, and above $6^{th}$ decade in 1998 to $3^{rd}-5^{th}$ decade in 2013-2015. Poisoning was the most common method of suicidal attempt(90.8%;1998, 72.7%;2013-2015), Mortality rate was changed from 16.9%(male 23.1%, female 10.0%) in 1998 to 13.8%(male 18.1%, female 10.5%) in 2013-2015. Among the suicidal attempters(total=516), 37 patients has recurred. But consultant of neuropsychiatric department was 48.3%, All suicidal attempters in future were necessarily neuropsychiatric consultant and continuously follow-up because all patients had recurrent suicide attempt, psychologic disorder, suicide rates are higher than in the general population.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.45-55
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• 2015

Objective : The aim of this study was to survey the present utilization of pattern identification(PI) in the clinical field among Korean Medicine Doctors. Method : This survey was conducted from Oct. 1 to Oct. 31, 2014 by face-to-face interview using structured questionnaire. The subjects were 400 korean medicine doctors who worked in hospitals or clinics. The questionnaire consisted of two sections - a demographics section(i.e., sex, age, clinical experience, place of work, residence and so on) and the main research section(i.e., the PI utilization rate, the utilization of PI systems, the utilization of PI in the clinical domain and in the treatment domain, the correlation between utilization PI and so on). Results : This study revealed that subjects used the PI to 66.7% of their patients on average. The utilization rate of PI in patients was significantly higher for female physicians than for male physicians, for physicians worked in clinics than for physicians who worked in hospitals and for physicians with more than 10 years clinical experience than for physicians with less than 10 years clinical experience. In the utilization of PI systems, Visceral PI was most as 92.0%. There were significant difference on the PI utilization rate according to utilization of Meridian and Collateral PI, Triple Energizer PI, Defense, Qi, Nutrient and Blood PI, Six-Meridian PI and Six Excesses PI. As a result of analysing the PI utilization rate by clinical domain and in the treatment domain, the Treatment and the Drug Treatment showed the highest values. Among utilized PI systems, the correlation coefficients between Defense, Qi, Nutrient and Blood PI and Triple Energizer PI showed the highest value, but the correlation coefficients between Sasang Constitutional Medicine with the each PI showed substantially lower value. Conclusion : The results of this study demonstrate that usage of PI was higher than usage of U code(in KCD) usage in clinical field. we suggested that additional studies on using PI and developing more appropriate standardized tool should be conducted to widen scope of PI's utilization.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.519-531
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• 2003

The aim of present investigation was to clinically measure the thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa in the hard palate as potential donor site for mucogingival surgery, to determine the relation to shape of palatal vault, form of tooth, gender, and to serve the clinical criteria t o choose the proper surgical technique. 84(mean age:25yrs) systemically and periodontally healthy volunteers participated in this study and 18 standard measurement points were defined in the hard palate, located on 3 lies which ran at different distances parallel to the gingival margin. 6 positions were designated on each of these 3 lines between the level of canine and 2nd molar and a bone sounding technique using a periodontal probe with minimal local anesthesia was utilized to assess the thickness of palatal masticatory mucosa. Student t-test was used to determine the difference in mucosal thickness between 2 groups gender, shape of palatal vault (high palatal vault vs. low palatal vault), tooth form (short-wide vs. long narrow) The result of this study were as follows: 1. Soft tissue thickness progressively increased in sites further away from the gingival margin (p<0.01). 2. Depending on position, in line a and line c the masticatory mucosal thickness increased from Ca to M2(p<0.01), but in line b the thickness increased from Ca to P2, and decreased to M1 and increased again to M2. 3. Gender did not influence the thickness of masticatory mucosa. 4. Palatal vault shape was associated with the thickness of masticatory mucosa. Thickness of low palatal vault group was thicker than high palatal group between P2 and M2 position. 5. Form of tooth did not influence the thickness of masticatory mucosa. In conclusion, palatal vault shape was associated with the thickness of masticatory mucosa. So, mucogingival surgery can be considered as a treatment modality in high palatal vault group. But, Gender and tooth form did not influence the thickness of masticatory mucosa.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.7C
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• pp.706-714
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• 2009

In this paper, we proposed a burst mode AGC loop and preamble detector applicable for VDL(VHF Digital Link) mode-2 using D8PSK modulation scheme and the performance analysis of proposed schemes is described. Generally the AGC scheme can be divided into two types, continuos and burst mode AGC. The continuos mode is performed well only with an analog feedback AGC loop. But the analog feedback AGC loop is not suitable for burst mode since its gain lock time is more than preamble duration, which causes the preamble detector misses preamble. Hence a fast digital AGC loop is required for burst mode. Also the AGC loop has to be designed with full gain during idle time to detect bursts although the signal level is very low. If the time to acquire gain lock is slow, the preamble detector fail to detect burst due to saturation of a lot of preamble samples. The receiver performance might be down even if the burst was detected because the preamble is used to estimate several parameters need to demodulation at receiver. In this paper we analysed relationships between the AGC loop and preamble detector. we present an AGC loop and preamble detector in burst mode.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

It has been suggested that isoflavones protect the cardiovascular system, in part by attenuating blood pressure. The purpose of the present research was to compare the isoflavone intake and blood lipids between hypertensive and normotensive and to examine dietary management for prevention of hypertension. Anthropometrical measurements, blood pressures, nutrients and isoflavone intakes using the 24-hour recall method, and serum lipids of 81 hypertensives and 77 normotensives were estimated. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 58.2 years, l58.5 cm, 64.3 kg, and $25.6kg/m^2$ for the hypertensive and 58.0 years, 159.4 cm, 63.0 kg, and $24.8kg/m^2$ for the normotensive, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the hypertensive were significantly higher than those of the normotensive (p<0.001, p<0.001). The daily food intake of the hypertensive was significantly lower than that of the normotensive (p<0.01). The daily energy intakes of hypertensive and normotesive were 1479.8 kcal and 1590.9 kcal and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Carbohydrate intake of the hypertensive was significantly higher than that of the normotensive (p<0.05). However, daily intakes of plant protein, fiber, ash, calcium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin $B_1$ of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). The daily intakes of daidzein, genistein, isoflavone of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). However, isoflavone intakes per 1000 kcal showed no significant difference between the two groups. Serum lipids of the hypertensive and normotensive were l89.6 mg/dL and l87.2 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 157.3 mg/dL and 161.9 mg/dL for triglyceride, 42.9 mg/dL and 43.5 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 115.2 mg/dL and 111.4 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.4 for atherogenic index. In the total subjects, there was a significantly negative correlation between systolic blood pressure and genistein intake (p<0.05). Based on these results, we concluded that the daily intakes of food, energy, and isoflavones of hypertensives were lower than normotensives. Therefore, it should be emphasized that proper dietary management considering these dietary factors for prevention of hypertension.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.77-86
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• 2010

Objective: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of head posture obtained by registering outer canthus as a soft tissue landmark with the Outer Canthus Indicator (OCI). Methods: Twenty-one adults with normal facial morphology were enrolled in this study (mean age $27.5\;{\pm}\;1.72$ years). To register initial head posture, height of the outer canthus from the ear rod plane was measured using OCI. Head posture was reproduced by moving the head upwards and downwards until the outer canthus was in a straight line with the indicator set at a registered height. After the head posture is reproduced by two operators after two days, lateral photographs were taken. Computerized photometric analyses of the photographs were performed. Results: The head rotations around the transverse axis were $0.69\;{\pm}\;0.43^{\circ}$, $0.98\;{\pm}\;0.65^{\circ}$ from each of the two operators. Standard errors were $0.09^{\circ}$ and $0.14^{\circ}$ each, which were similar to results from past research findings. There were no significant differences between the data from the two operators (p > 0.05). There were no correlations between the head rotation around the horizontal and vertical axes (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The present study suggests that OCI-registered head posture may minimize errors from vertical head rotation in cephalometry and photometry.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2003

Objectives: Bok, Bcl-2-related ovarian killer, is a proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein identified in the ovary based on its dimerization with the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. The present study examined the hormonal regulation and localization of Bok messenger RNA levels in the mouse ovary during the follicle development. Methods: The animals were implanted subcutaneously with Silastic brand capsules containing the synthetic estrogen, DES at $21{\sim}23$ days of age. Ovaries were collected $1{\sim}3$ days after implantation for RNA analysis and in situ hybridization. Some mice were removed capsule for $1{\sim}2$ days to induce ovarian follicle apoptosis. Ovaries were also collected from 26 day-old immature mice at various times after treatment with 10 IU PMSG. Some mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of 10 IU hCG to induce ovulation, and ovaries were obtained at different time intervals for Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis, respectively. Results: Treatment of immature mice with diethylstilbestrol (DES) for $24{\sim}48$ h increased ovarian Bok mRNA levels. Bok mRNA was remained the same levels in mice removed DES for $24{\sim}48$ h to induce apoptosis. High signals of Bok mRNA after DES treatment were detected in granulosa cells of early antral follicles. Treatment of immature mice with PMSG for 12 h increased markedly ovarian Bok mRNA expression which was detected mainly in preantral and atretic follicles. Interestingly, low levels of Bok mRNA were also expressed in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles. Treatment of PMSGprimed mice with hCG stimulated strongly ovarian Bok mRNA expression at $6{\sim}9$ h. At that time, Bok mRNA was expressed in granulosa cells of atretic and small growing follicles. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that Bok is one of proapoptotic Bcl-2 members expressed in early growing and atretic follicles during the ovarian follicular development. Gonadotropins induce a transient increase of Bok gene expression in granulosa cells of preantral and preovulatory follicles indicating some role in the ovulatory process.