• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eating habits and social behavior of preschool children. Six hundred twenty seven children ranging in age from 4 to 7 and their mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing the children's eating habits and kindergarten teachers were asked to rate the social behavior of their preschool children. The eating habits of children positively correlated to those of their mothers, primarily in meal regularity, breakfast frequency, unbalanced meals, overeating, eating delivery food and food preferences. The results showed that 33% of preschool children always had unbalanced meals and 50% sometimes had them. Children who had ice cream, cake, carbonated drinks or cookies as snacks more often, tend to have meals irregularly because they favored sweets and were possibly induced to have unbalanced meals. Sixty five percent of the children were graded as good in terms of having healthy eating habits and had good social behavior. The results indicate that the eating habits of children are related to problem behavior, especially social withdrawal and anxiety. That is, children who have undesirable eating habits are likely to be anxious or socially withdrawn.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.419-428
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of pre-school children's past lactation types and food habits on dental health status. This study was carried out by analyzing the information obtained from oral inspection of 163 preschool children and questionnaires answered by their mothers. The results are as follows: 1. 80.4% of the preschool children have decayed and filled teeth. 2. The older they are, the more decayed and filled teeth they have 3. The earlier they started to have weaning foods, the more decayed and filled teeth they have. Preschool children who started weaning foods after 12 months of their birth have significantly more decayed and filled teeth. 4. Preschool children who had weaning foods by using milk-bottles have significantly more decayed and filled teeth than others. 5. Preschool children who had weaning foods regularly have significantly less decayed and filled teeth. 6. Preschool children who have frequently skipped breakfast have the least decayed and filled teeth. 7. Preschool children who would like to have sweet things have significantly more decayed and filled teeth than others.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.325-336
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to determine how weaning by mothers of preschool children between the ages of five and seven years influences the children's eating habits and food preferences. The results of this study will help to educate mothers about good weaning practices and facilitate the development of weaning programs by providing basic data on the subject. The results demonstrated significantly positive correlations between children's scores on eating habits and the level of vigorous weaning practices, the consistency of their practice, and the child's reaction to the foods provided (p<0.001). A positive correlation was noted between the frequency of providing solid food and the preference toward the food, with the exception of boiled rice and brightly colored vegetables. Thus, the results of this survey showed that the frequency and variety of solid foods that mothers try to actively provide their young children affect their food preferences and eating habits in general. These conclusions suggest that mothers should be educated about the significance of proper weaning so that their children can develop appropriate eating habits, and that there should be nutritional education for mothers, regarding the best weaning practices.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.471-483
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate food habits, nutrients intakes and nutritional quality of the preschool children living in Seoul. The study was performed by analyzing a questionnaire answered by the mothers of 233 subjects aged 2 to 6 years old. A three-day dietary intakes survey, using a 24 hour recall method was used by both the mothers and teachers of the children in day care centers. Twenty eight, 65.9 and $21.8\%$ of preschool children were underweight, normal and overweight or obese, respectively. It was found that $19.8\%$ of preschool children replied that they skipped breakfast sometimes. The major reasons for skipping breakfast were 'snacks' ($38.3\%$) and 'no appetite' ($32.6\%$). The proportion of subjects having unbalanced meals was $61.6\%$. From the 24-recall survey, it was found that all nutrients intakes were higher than those of the Korean RDA except zinc. The proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat from total calories were 56,1, 17.2 and $30.7\%$. The P/M/S ratio was 0.62 : 0.86 : 1. Nutrient adquacy (NAR), mean of nu-trient adequacy ratio (MAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were considered adequate. In conclusion, the dietary intakes of children aged 2 to 6 were assumed adequate judging from nutrient intakes, although some attention should be paid to fat intake in this age group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2020

This study aimed to evaluate dietary behaviors and food allergy status of preschool children in Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju Metropolitan city. The survey included 592 preschool children aged 1-5 years old in 31 childcare facilities. General characteristics, feeding type, complementary feeding, food allergy, dietary behaviors based on the NQ-P questionnaire, and dietary habits of their family were considered. Exclusively breast-fed children was 32.2% of the subjects and the breast feeding duration was 6.5 months. Subjects who had complementary feeding within 6 months was 77.2% and starting time of complementary feeding was 6.1 months. Fifteen percent of the subjects had food allergies and foods that induced allergy were instant foods, eggs, milk and dairy products, nuts, seafood. Food allergy was not related to breast feeding nor complementary feeding. The NQ-P score and its 3 factors including 'balance', 'moderation', and 'environment' were 59.9, 61.1, 56.0, 62.6, respectively. There were positive relations between children's dietary behaviors and family dietary habits such as breakfast eating frequency and meal regularity. As age of children increased, instant food intake increased and breakfast eating frequency decreased. Proper nutrition education is needed to children, their parents, and their care givers at childcare facilities to improve children's dietary behavior and health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.742-752
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to offer information related to recommended dietary allowances for young children and food guidelines for preschool children in Sweden. Sweden, located in Europe, is the most developed country for young child care system. Swedish nutrition policy background, Swedish recommended dietary allowances for young children, and food guidelines of early childhood education center in Sweden were used. The number of Swedish child care centers increased from 70,000 in 1970 to 700,000 in 2000. The Swedish Institute of Public Health promoted children's indoor and outdoor activity. The aim of the Swedish public health contains children's safety, good food habits, and eating food safely. Swedish Food Administration made recommended dietary allowance and food guidelines for children care centers. The aim of food guidelines was to increase energy, calcium, iron, and dietary fiber intake. Swedish RDA contains minimum and maximum intake as well as mean intake for macro and micro nutrients. The fat intake ratio of energy is increased for younger children. For preschool children, the food guideline is determined by dietary allowances for breakfast, lunch, and snack respectively. Food guideline contains meal time schedule, menu for each meal using food model, amount of food for age group, and recommended dietary allowance for each meal. It is recommended for Korean early childhood education center: 1) Korean RDA for young children should be made range of intake, minimum and maximum intake. 2) Food guideline should be make for Korean child care center. 3) Korean child care centers should offer an afternoon snack twice for children who return home late. 4) Nutrition education program for preschool teachers should be developed for children's good eating habits and health promotion.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for developing nutrition education programs for preschool children and their families. The subjects were 291 parents whose children went to daycare centers in Uiwang. The questionnaire contained 15 items for children's dietary habits and six items for parents' nutritional attitudes. The results of frequency analysis of children's dietary habits were as follows: 63.9% of children ate meals regularly, however breakfast (46.4%) was usually skipped; 44.0% of children ate a snack more than twice per day; 56.7% did not have late night meals; 49.5% ate out once to twice per week; 89.7% had dinner with family more than three times per week; and 43.6% had picky eating habits. The percentage of children who did not eat vegetables and seaweed was the highest among other food groups. Intake frequencies were low in fatty foods, instant foods, and fast foods. Some correlations were observed between picky eating habits and other dietary habits by cross-tabulation analysis. Intake frequency of non-picky eating children was lower for late night eating and fatty foods but higher for vegetables and seaweed compared to picky eating children. Parents answered that their nutritional knowledge level was normal (72.2%), and nutritional information was collected using the Internet (36.0%). Nutritional value was the most considered point in meal preparation of parents (43.3%), and the most difficult factor in child's diet management was lack of time due to working (36.1%). Parents cited method of creating a menu (27.0%) and table manners (25.3%) as topics of nutrition education by professionals. Therefore, various nutrition education programs need to be developed to improve healthy dietary habits for children and their families.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 1979

Adequate intake of nutrients exert a profound influence on the physical and spiritual development of children. Thus, it is important to children and their mothers about nutrition and selection of nutritious foods. In order to underline the importance of nutrition for children, this study investigated and analyzed food habits of children expecially those in preschool ages, to obtain basic data to develop effective educational materials related to nutrition. dietary habits of 61 boys and 44 girls in the average age of six were surveyed through their mothers. Results therefrom are as follows : 1. Only 17 per cent of the mothers questioned replied that they considered the balance of diet in preparing meals, while 58.1% of the mothers gave precedence to the liking of their family . The lower the educational level of a mother , the higher her stress on the food preference of her family. 2. Seventy six of the mothers said they understand the basic food group , but only one mother displayed an accurate knowledge about it. 3. As for between meal eating , 82.9% took fruits, 68.6% milk, 35.2 bread, and 33.3% cookies. 4. Problems with food habits of children were : Unbalanced diet for 43.8% of children ,eating of snacks at irregular intervals for 26.7% and TV impact for 5.7%. 5. Children's food habits are greatly influenced by their parents, In the case of animal liver, 32.1 % of the children surveyed do not like to eat it, while 35.8% have never tasted it . 27.9% of children also do not like to eat cereals. Children's likes and dislikes with regarded to foods were influenced greatly by their parents. Thus, it is urgent to educate mothers about balanced diet and basic food group. Children will have to be taught to understand unfavorable effects of unbalanced diet so that they may correct their unsound food habits. This study also indicated the need for developing new cooking methods for those food items which are very liked by children to be a major cause of their unbalanced dietary habits.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.593-602
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• 2010

This study was carried out to examine the effects of nutrition education program developed by Jincheon Public Health Center on preschool children's nutrition knowledge and dietary habits and the parents' dietary attitudes. The subjects of this study were five- and six-year-old children as well as their parents. A 5-week nutrition education program was implemented to 104 children in five day care centers, and 107 children in three day care centers were investigated as a control group. Activity tools designed for each lesson such as puzzles, food magnets, story, songs, Pierrot costume, and balls were used. Nutrition knowledge and dietary habits of children and dietary attitudes of parents were evaluated before and after education. Mean nutrition knowledge score in the education group was significantly higher than that in the control group after education (p < 0.001). Mean dietary habit score of three questions (three meals a day, eating at fixed time, eating breakfast) in the education group was also significantly higher than that in the control group after education (p < 0.01). In addition, parents in the education group showed significantly higher mean dietary attitude score than those in the control group even though they did not receive education (p < 0.001). Our nutrition education program was found to be effective in improving nutrition knowledge and dietary habits in preschool children as well as improving dietary attitudes in their parents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.102-113
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among dietary behavior, meal balance, and clinical symptoms related nutritional status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in preschool children. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects were 3~6 years old preschool children in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into an ADHD dispositions group(n=88) and a normal group(n=129) based on assessments conducted by the children's mother using the Abbreviated Conners's Parent Rating Scale. There was no significant difference in meal frequency, meal speed, meal regularity or meal balance between children with ADHD dispositions and the normal groups. The ADHD disposition group had a higher proportion of children with picky eating(p<0.05), too much snacking(p<0.05) and over eating (p=0.05) habits than the normal group. In addition, the ADHD dispositions group had a higher frequency of clinical symptoms such as 'breathlessness when going up stairs', 'sleeplessness', 'anxiety' and 'tiredness'. Overall, there was a significant relationship between ADHD disposition and dietary problems and clinical symptoms related to poor nutritional status in preschool children. Therefore, to prevent and treat ADHD in preschool children, proper dietary management such as correcting of picky eating, over snacking and overeating is needed.