• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2015

Objective: To investigate the impact of fibroids on the blood flow of the uterine and subendometrial arteries and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Methods: In this study, we analyzed 86 IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in which a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol was used for controlled ovarian stimulation between January 2008 and March 2009. The subjects comprised 86 infertile women with (fibroid group, n=43) or without (control group, n=43) uterine fibroids. Results: Patient characteristics were similar between the fibroid and control groups. The IVF/ICSI outcomes in patients with fibroids were similar to those of patients in the control group. The resistance index (RI) and pulsatile index (PI) of the uterine and subendometrial arteries on the day of embryo transfer were also comparable between the two groups. IVF outcomes and uterine hemodynamics in patients with multiple (${\geq}2$) fibroids were similar to those of patients with a single fibroid. However, clinical pregnancy and implantation rates were significantly lower in patients with fibroids who experienced uterine cavity distortion than in patients with fibroids who had a normal uterine cavity (both p<0.05). The RI and PI of the subendometrial artery were significantly higher on the day of embryo transfer in patients with fibroids who experienced uterine cavity distortion than in patients with fibroids who had a normal uterine cavity (both p<0.05). Conclusion: Fibroids which distorting the uterine cavity might impair the subendometrial artery blood flow clinical pregnancy rate and embryo implantation rate in infertile patients undergoing IVF. Otherwise, IVF outcomes were not influenced by the presence of uterine fibroids.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.233-240
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• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the endocrine milieu, and pregnancy rates in In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer(IVF-ET) program employing combined with gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist(GnRH-a) and pergonal(LH 75lU+FSH 75lU) when either human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) or progesterone were used for luteal phase support. A total number of 40 IVF-ET treatment cycles were prospectively studied. Ovarian hyperstimulation method was modified ultrashort protocol using GnRH-a. All patients started Decapeptyl at menstrual cycle day # 2, and HMG was started at # 3 days. When leading follicle was ${\geqq}$18mm or at least two follicles were ${\geqq}$14mm in diameter, HCG 10000lU intramuscularly was injected. After 36 hours HCG administration, oocytes were retrieved as usual guided by transvaginal ultrasound. Embryo were transfered 36-48 hours later. The patient's cycles were prospectively randomized to receive HCG(20cycles) or Progesterone (20cycles) for luteal support. The progesterone group received 25mg 1M starting from the day of ET. The HCG group received 1500IU 1M. on days 0, +2, +5 after ET. Estadiol($E_2$) and Progesterone($P_4$) were measured on the day of oocyte aspiration, ET day, and every 6 days thereafter. Results were follows as; 1. Estradiol, progesterone and LH levels on the day of HCG trigger, retrieved oocytes and number of transfered embryo were not significantly different in both groups. 2. On the day of aspiration and embryo transfered day, $E_2$, $P_4$ level were significantly higher in progesterone group than HCG group(p<0.01). 3. $E_2$, $P_4$ level on 6 days after ET were significantly higher in progesterone group than HCG group(p<0.01). But, $P_4/E_2$ ratio was not different in both groups. 4. $E_2$, $P_4$ level 12 days after ET were decreased abruptly in both groups and higher hormonal level appeared in HCG group(P<0.01). 5. The total pregnancy rate in the HCG group was 40% (8/20) and in the progesterone group 15%(3/20). 6. Comparing the pregnant and nonpregnant cases progesterone group was not different the hormonal status. In HCG group, pregnant cases appeared in higher $P_4$, $P_4/E_2$ ratio than nonpregnanct cases(P<0.01).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2006

목 적: 배아의 염색체 이수성은 착상실패나 자연유산과 관련되며 이는 고령이나 부부의 염색체 이상이 있는 경우 그 위험이 증가되어 습관성 유산이나 반복 착상실패 등 불량한 임신결과를 초래한다. 염색체 이수성에 대한 착상전 유전진단은 정상 염색체를 갖는 배아를 선별적으로 이식할 수 있으므로 이러한 환자들에서 효과적으로 적용될 수 있다. 이에 염색체 이수성에 대한 착상전 유전진단의 임상적 결과를 알아보고 어떠한 환자군에서 가장 큰 효용성을 얻을 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 총 42명의 환자에서 77주기의 염색체 이수성에 대한 착상전 유전진단을 시행하였다. 환자군을 적응증에 따라 세 군으로 나누어 제 1군은 37세 이상이며 3회 이상 반복 착상실패를보인 경우 (11예, 평균 나이 42.2세), 제 2군은 3회 이상의 습관성 유산 및 이 중 1회 이상 염색체 이수성을 보인 경우 (19예, 평균 나이 38.9세), 제 3군은 터너 증후군이나 클라인펠터 증후군, 47,XYY 등 성염색체 이상이나 모자이시즘을 가진 환자였다 (18예, 평균 나이 29.6세). 착상전유전진단은 제1군과 2군에서는 13, 16, 18, 21, X, Y염색체에 대한 FISH를, 제 3군에서는 X, Y 및18 또는 17번 염색체에 대한 FISH를 시행하였다. 결 과: 총 530개의 배아에서 할구 생검이 가능하였고 FISH 진단 효율은 92.3%였다. 정상 배아의 비율은 각 군에서 $32.5{\pm}17.5%$, $23.0{\pm}21.7%$, 및 $52.6{\pm}29.2%$ (mean ${\pm}$ SD)였으며 제 3군에서 유의하게 높았다 (group II vs. III, p<0.05). 배아 이식은 51주기에서 시행하였으며 이식된 배아의수는 각각 $3.9{\pm}1.5$, $1.9{\pm}1.1$ 및 $3.1{\pm}1.4$개 (mean ${\pm}$ SD)였다. 임상적 임신율은 각 군에서 0%, 30.0% 및 20.0%로 제 2군에서 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 전체적인 임신율은 19.6% (10/51)였고 자연유산율은 20% (2/10)였으며 유산된 경우의 염색체는 정상이었다. 쌍태아 1예를 포함하여 총9명의 정상아가 출생되었으며, 양수검사로 정상 염색체 핵형을 확인하였다. 결 론: 염색체 이수성에 대한 착상전 유전진단은 염색체 이수성과 관련된 불량한 임신예후가 예상되는 환자에서 유용하게 이용될 수 있으며, 특히 이수성과 관련된 습관성 유산이나 성염색체 이상에서 효용성이 있으며, 반복 착상실패에서는 착상에 관련되는 다른 원인들의 복합적인 영향으로 큰 효용성이 없는 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.856-860
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• 2000

Cloning technology continues to capture widespread attention by the international news media and biomedical and agricultural industries. The future uses of this technology could potentially contribute to major advances in biomedical and agricultural sciences. Cloned transgenic dairy cattle possessing milk promoters directing transgenes will produce pharmaceutical proteins in their milk faster, more efficiently and less expensively than transgenic cattle created using microinjection techniques. Additionally, cloned transgenic fetuses and animals may become a source of cells, tissue and organs for xenotransplantation. Lastly, but maybe most importantly, enhanced production traits and disease resistance may be realized in animal agriculture by utilizing these new technologies. The recent advances in the cattle cloning technology are important but there are still major obstacles preventing widespread commercial use of this technology. The type of donor nucleus, recipient cytoplasm, and cloning procedures used will impact the potential number of clones produced and the uses of the technology. In addition, the new advances in cloning methodology have not improved the relatively low pregnancy rates or reduced the incidence of health problems observed in cloned offspring. These problems may require novel techniques to decipher their cause and new methods of preventing and/or diagnosing them in the preimplantation embryo. The commercial potential is enormous for cloning technology; however, little has been done to improve the efficiencies of the procedure. Improving procedural efficiencies is a critical developmental milestone especially for potential uses of cloning technology in animal agriculture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1071-1086
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• 2003

Reproductive biotechnologies continue to be developed for genetic improvement of both river and swamp buffalo. Although artificial insemination using frozen semen emerged some decades back, there are still considerable limitations. The major problem appears to be the lack of efficient methods for estrus detection and timely insemination. Controlled breeding experiments in the buffalo had been limited and similar to those applied in cattle. Studies on multiple ovulation and embryo transfer are essentially a replica of those in cattle, however with inherent problems such as lower number of primordial follicles on the buffalo ovary, poor fertility and seasonality of reproduction, lower population of antral follicles at all stages of the estrous cycle, poor endocrine status and a high incidence of deep atresia in ovarian follicles, the response in terms of transferable embryo recovery has remained low with 0.51 to 3.0 per donor and pregnancy rates between 15 to 30%. In vitro production of buffalo embryos is a valid alternative to recovery of embryos by superovulation. This aspect received considerable attention during the past decade, however the proportion of embryos that develops to the blastocyst stage is still around 25-30% and hence the in vitro culture procedures need substantial improvement. Embryo cryopreservation procedures for direct transfer post thaw need to be developed for bubaline embryos. Nuclear transfer and embryo cloning is a technique that has received attention in various species during recent years and can be of immense value in buffaloes as they have a low rate of embryo recoveries by both in vitro and in vivo procedures. Gender pre-selection, genome analysis, gene mapping and gene transfer are a few of the techniques that have been studied to a limited extent during recent years and are likely to be included in future studies on buffaloes. Very recently, reproductive biotechnologies have been applied to feral buffaloes as well, but the results obtained so far are modest. When fully exploited they can play an important role in the preservation of endangered species.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권19호
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• pp.8499-8502
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• 2014

The incidence rate of breast cancer in developed countries is almost three-fold higher than in developing countries. Iran has had one of the lowest incidence rates for breast cancer in the world, but during the recent decades a marked increase has been seen. The purpose of this study was to investigate some established risk factors of breast cancer in Iranian women. A study of 11,850 women participating in abreast screening program was conducted. The 197 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 11,653 healthy women were compared. Logistic regression was performed to investigate associations of reproductive and anthropometric factors with breast cancer risk. Family history of breast cancer (OR=1.94, 95%CI=1.35-2.78), occupation (OR= 1.65,95%CI=1.20-2.25), education level (OR=0.50,95%CI=0.28-0.91), parity (OR=0.27, 95%CI=0.12-0.59), menopausal status (OR=3.15, 95%CI=2.35-4.21), age at menarche (OR=0.33, 95%CI=0.15-0.70), and age at the first pregnancy (OR=4.10, 95%CI=1.13-14.77) were related to the risk of breast cancer. Decrease in parity may to some extent explain the rising trend of incidence of breast cancer incidence in Iranian women.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.235-245
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• 2001

Objectives: The purpose of this present study was to compare mouse embryo development in 3 commercial media and hatching competence of mouse embryo with or without enzymatic treatment. Methods: Collected 375 mouse embryos were divided into three groups, and then cultured in IVF-20 (G2), Medicult IVF (M3), P-1 (blastocyst M), respectively. Three day mouse morulae were cultured in G2 media treated with pronase. The results were analyzed using Chi-square test, and considered statistically significant when p<0.01. Results: The developmental rate of 2 cell mouse embryo after 72 hours was highest in IVF-20 (G2) among conventional 3 media. The hatching rate of mouse morulae was low when clultured in G2 media without pronase during 48 hours. However, it was higher when cultured in media treated with $1{\mu}g/ml$, $2.5{\mu}g/ml$, $5{\mu}g/ml$ pronase, respectively. Conclusions: Using good media and digestion of zona pellucida with enzymatic treatment improve development and hatching rate of embryo. Therefore, implantation and pregnancy rate could be improved.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2014

Cows may suffer impaired ovarian function, often accompanied by reduced conception rates and increased embryonic loss. Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed gynecological findings in dairy cattle. It causes temporary infertility and is likely to affect reproduction as well as production parameters in cattle. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the expression patterns of apoptosis (Bcl-2, Bax), implantation (E-cadherin) and immune related proteins (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-10) in uterine endometrium of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) with ovarian cyst and normal ovarian follicles. In the Western blot analysis, the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was significantly higher in endometrium with normal ovarian follicles, whereas expression of pro-apoptotic Bax protein was significantly lower. Also, the expressions of E-cadherin and TNF-${\alpha}$ proteins were significantly higher in uterine endometrium with normal ovarian follicles. On the other hand, the expression of IL-10 protein was significantly lower in uterine endometrium with normal ovarian follicles. Taken together, our results provided that the expressions of apoptosis, adhesion and immune related proteins in uterine endometrium with ovarian cyst were showed the aberrant patterns, and we suggest that different expression changes of these proteins may be affect to pregnancy ability of cattle.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2018

It has been claimed that artificial insemination (AI) of cows with frozen-thawed semen treated with commercially produced kits, Wholemom (in favour of female gender) increases the birth chance of calves with desired sex ratio by approximately 85% without decrease of pregnancy rates. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of wholemom kits as combined with frozen-thawed bovine semen during in vitro fertilization on the in vitro fertilization and developmental efficiency and sex ratios such as some reproductive parameters in bovine. For this, 1,737 oocytes were in vitro fertilized and developed. Agglutination effects on bovine after treatment of Wholemom kit were observed by time passage and dose respectively. To determine sex of embryos, Bovine embryo Y-specific gene primers(ConEY) and Bovine specific universal primer(ConBV) were used as multiple PCR method. Fertilization rate of wholemom-treated group was significantly lower than its of control group[66.9% (1,156/1,737) in Wholemom-treated group; 75.0% (610/813) in control group]. However, developmental rate after fertilization of both wholemom-treated and control groups were not significantly different [26.1% (404/1,156) in Wholemom-treated group; 27.4% (224/610) in control group]. Sex ratio of in vitro fertilized embryo with frozen-thawed semen treated with wholemom kit was determined by multi PCR. Female ratio in wholemom-treated group [85.4% (173/201)] was significantly higher than its of control group [47.2% (66/141)]. In conclusion, wholemom treatments of semen used in the in vitro fertilization and development of bovine oocytes provided increase in female ratio with decrease of fertilization rate.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2003년도 학술발표대회 발표논문초록집
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• pp.18-18
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• 2003

In human, sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS) is synonyms for the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an infant. The incidence of SIDS has been estimated to be from 1 to 3%. Cloning has a relatively high rate of late abortion and early postnatal death, particularly when somatic cells are used as donors of nuclei and rates as high as 40 to 70% have been reported. However, the mechanisms for SIDS in cloned animals are not known yet. To date, few reports provide detailed information regarding phenotypic abnormality of cloned pigs. In this study, most of the cloned piglets were alive at term and readily recovered respiration. However, approximately 82% of male cloned piglets (81/22) died within a week after birth. Significant findings from histological examinations showed that 42% of somatic cloned male piglets died earlier than somatic cloned female piglets, most probably due to severe congestion of lung and liver or neutrophilic inflammation in brain, which indicates that unexpected phenotypes can appear as a result of somatic cell cloning. No anatomical defects in cloned female piglets were detected, but three of the piglets had died by diarrhea due to bacterial infection within 15 days after birth. Although most of male cloned piglets can be born normal in terms of gross anatomy, they develop phenotypic anomalies that include leydig cell hypoplasia and growth retardation post-delivery under adverse fetal environment and depigmentation of hair- and skin-color form puberty onset. This may provide a mechanism for development of multiple organ system failure in some cloned piglets. Th birth weights of male cloned pig in comparison with those of female cloned piglets are significantly reduced(0.8 vs 1.4kg) and showed longer gestational day(120 vs 114). In conclusion, brain meningitis and hepatopneumonic congestion are a major risk factor for SIDS and such pregnancy in cloned animals requires close and intensive antenatal monitoring.