• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.385-403
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• 2017

This study showed the national ecosystem classification for the spatial standards of ecosystems-based approaches to the risk assessments and adaptation plan. The characteristics of climate change risk assessment, implement national adaptation plans, and ecosystem/habitat classification status was evaluated. Focusing on the land cover classification widely utilized as spatial data for the assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the UK and other countries in Europe, the applicability of the national land cover classification for climate change risk assessments was reviewed. Considering the ecosystem classification for climate change risk assessment and establishing adaptation measures, it is difficult to apply rough classification method to the land cover system because of lack of information on habitat trend by categorization. The results indicated that forest ecosystems and agro-ecosystem occupied 62.3% and 25.0% of land cover, respectively, of the entire country. Although the area is small compared with the land area, wetland ecosystem (2.9%), marine ecosystem (0.4%), coastal ecosystem (0.6%), and urban ecosystem (6.1%) can be included in the risk assessments. Therefore, it is necessary to subdivide below the medium classification for the forest and agricultural land, as well as Inland wetland, which has a higher proportion of habitat preference of taxa than land area, marine/coastal habitat, and transition areas such as urban and natural ecosystem.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.23-34
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• 1977

A study was carried out for the evaluation on family situation of 900 homemakers those who had received tubal sterilization operation (laparoscopic and minilaparotomy) at family planning clinic, Seoul Red Cross Hospital from October 1974 to September 1977. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In age distribution, predominant age group consisted of those $31{\sim}35$ years frequency of 43.2% and average age was 33.3 years. 2) Educational level showed that homemakers who finished primary school accounted for 37.3% of the total and those having middle school education comprised 28.7%, and 24.3% of them were high school graduates, 8.3% of them were college graduates. On the other hand, husband's education level showed that, 37.6% of them were high school graduates, 29.7% were college graduates and 19.9% were middle school graduates, therefor, educational level of husbands was one step higher than wives. 3) In the gravidity at the tubal sterilization, the highest incidence(18.4%) among 853cases was the group of gravida 5, and 16.2% gravida 4, and the gravidity ranged $1{\sim}23$. Average gravidity of clients was 6.0. 4) Among the total number of 900 clients, 778cases (91.3%) had no experience of spontanous abortion, history of 1 abortion in 5.9%, 2 abortions in 1.8%, and it showed the decresed incidence of spontanous abortion recently. Average was 0.15. As regarding induced abortion, in spite of only 142 homemakers (16.7%) had no history of induced abortion, 20.5% had experienced 1 induced abortion before sterilization, 17.7% had 2 induced abortions, 14.6% had 3 abortions, 10.3% had 4 abortions, and 0.2% (2cases) had over 20 abortions. Average was 2.7. 5) In regarding to the number of living children, the greatest number (45.0%) of clients had 3 children, and 26.5% 2 children, 19.7% 4 children. Average number of their living children was 3.03. 6) Sex ratio of living children, among 18 clients those had 1 child, 17 homemakers had 1 boy and no girl, 1 homemaker had no boy and 1 girl only. Sex ratio showed that woman who had 2 boys and no girl accounted for 46.3%, however, those having no boy and 2 girls ocmprised only 1. 8% among 229 clients who had 2 children. Among 389 clients who had 3 children, in spite of woman who had 3 boys and no girl comprised 16.5%, but no boy and 3 girls only 1.5%. Among 170 clients who had 4 children, homemakers with 4 boys and no girl accounted for 4.1%, however, no boy and 4 girls 1.8% of the total. Among 52 clients, who had 5 children, woman with 5 boys and no girl comprised 3.9%, no boy and 5 girls 0%. Among 7 cases who had 6 children, there were 3 cases who had 3 boys and 3 girls, but only 1 cases had 1 boy and 5 girls and so on. These results showed a strong trend of male preference in Korea and this could be one of the inhibit factors for family planning.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.82-100
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• 2015

Mobile fashion apps present much opportunity for marketers to engage consumers, however not all apps provide enough functions for their targeted audience. This study aims to determine how mobile fashion apps can be used to build brand community with consumer engagement. Qualitative data on fashion mobile apps were collected from the Apple app store and Android market during the spring and summer of 2015. A total of 110 fashion mobile apps were collected;, 50 apps were identified as apparel brands that either manufacture or sell apparel to consumers, which we categorized as "brand" fashion apps, and the remaining 60 were categorized as "non-brand" fashion apps. The result of the study can be summarized as below. The 60 non-brand fashion apps were grouped into 5 app types: shopping, searching, sharing, organizational, and informational. The main functions are for informational use and shopping needs, since at least half (31 apps) are used for either retrieving information or for shopping. However, in contrast, social networking and location were infrequent and not commonly utilized by these apps. The most common type of non-brand fashion apps available were shopping apps;, many shopping apps enable users to shop from several different websites and save their items into one universal shopping cart so that they only check out once. Most of these apps are informational and help consumers make more informed decisions on purchases;, in addition many offer location services to help consumers find these items in store. While these apps perform several functions, they do not link to social media. The 50 brand apps were grouped into 5 brand types: athletic, casual, fast fashion, luxury, and retailer. These apps were also checked for attributes to determine their functionality. The result shows that the main functions of brand fashion apps are for information (82% of the 50 apps) as well as location searching (72% of 50 apps). Conversely, these apps do not offer any photo sharing, and very few have organizational or community functions. Fashion mobile apps and m-marketing elements: To build brand community, mobile apps can be designed to motivate consumer's engagement with brands. The motivations of fashion mobile apps are useful in developing fashion mobile apps. Entertainment motives can be fulfilled with multimedia attributes, functionality motives are satisfied with organizational and location-based features, information motives with informational service, socialization with community and social network, learning and intellectual stimulation from informational attributes, and trend following through photo sharing. The 8 key attributes of mobile apps can correspond to the 4 m-marketing elements (i.e., Informative content, multimedia, interactions, and product promotions) that are further intertwined with m-branding elements. App Attributes and M-Marketing aim to Build Brand Community;, the eight key attributes can impact on 4 m-branding elements, which further contribute to building brand community by affecting consumers' perceptions of brands preference and advocacy, and their likelihood to be loyal.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to compare the two different eggshell lines of commercial layers on egg traits and egg production rate. Hy-line W-98 (white shell line; WSL) and Hy-line Brown (brown shell line; BSL) were used as experimental stocks. The birds in each line were allocated to three floor pens each containing 25-birds. They were fed a ration containing 15.5% CP and 2,700 ㎉/kg ME, and were supplied 16 h of light per day throughout the experimental Periods. The egg traits and egg Production rate were measured from 53 to 56-wk-old and 20 to 56-wk-old, respectively. The mean egg weight and the mean percentage albumen were significantly heavier and higher (P<0.05) in the BSL than in the WSL, respectively. The mean eggshell thickness and the mean percentage shell were also significantly thicker and higher (P<0.05) in the BSL than those in the WSL, respectively. However, the mean percentage yolk and the yolk to albumen ratio showed a reverse trend as shown in the mean percentage albumen or percentage eggshell. Although the WSL birds started laying 4 d earlier than the BSL ones, the overall mean egg Production rate for BSL during 20 to 56 wk of age was significantly higher (P<0.05) by 6.6% than the WSL. It was concluded that the eggs of brown eggshell line had heavier egg weight and thicker shell, and they had more percentage of albumen, but less percentage of yolk than those of the white eggshell line. These results suggest that the brown eggshell line raised on the floor might be more beneficial than the white eggshell line not only for the preference of the table egg consumers, but also for the efficient production of the eggs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.282-290
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• 2015

This study is intended to look into parents' satisfaction of contracting-out system in employer-supported childcare centers. To achieve this, a survey was carried out to 400 parents who use national, public and private employer-supported childcare centers. The results were as follows. First, employer-supported childcare factors were the qualities of childcare environment, childcare program and early childhood teacher in both contracted-out and in-house services. The satisfaction with facility, program, operation and childcare training was improved in good employer-supported childcare factors And the satisfaction with the relationship between these factors could improve the expectation for the use of employer-supported childcare centers. Second, the difference in the operation of employer-supported childcare centers showed that the most preferred size was 50 to 74 children. The contracted-out services was more preferred than in-house services. And the location of on-the-job facility was more preferred than off-the-job facility. As stated above, the preference of employer-supported childcare centers was more raised than that of general kindergartens or childcare centers by an increase in the trend of working child parents' dual income. In other words, small and medium sized childcare centers of some 50 children were more preferred than large scaled childcare centers. Consequently, the retainment of childcare programs, facilities and quality teachers contracted out to professional childcare centers can improve the satisfaction with them.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2008

Tour traffic takes largely place at certain limited period of time so that it is desirable to adopt some kind of software-typed approaches like the introduction of a new traffic system rather than hardware-typed ones of extension or construction of roads, and which naturally leads to the need of establishing a new tour traffic policy that makes the most profit at the lowest cost. In this research, I studied cognitive characteristics of traffic congestion of tour traffic and non-tour traffic and constructed a transfer traffic-choice behavior model for the introduction of transfer-traffic system and examined its influence factors. As a result, it is revealed that respondents feel much more the cognitive strength of traffic congestion at tourist resorts than they feel usually at non-tourist sites. That means the necessity of the introduction of the policy that enhances access to tourist resorts. In closing, through the transfer-traffic choice behavior model, I identified the fact that the introduction of transfer-traffic system could convert the trend of highly frequent use of passenger cars on tourism season into public transportation use, which shows that relevant policy-makers ultimately need to make a comprehensive policy considering traffic aspect in revitalizing tour resorts.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2007

Artificially-produced juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli (total length $10.4{\pm}1.1\;cm$, body weight $18.7{\pm}3.4\;g$) were released into the Gamak Bay in Korea. And their initial feeding habits and body compositions were compared with those of cultured fish (CUL) for a period of one month after release. The released black sea bream commenced feeding on the 1st day after release, and predation rate was more than 80% during the sampling period. The stomach content of fish was composed of mainly fishing bait and krill in fish sampled on 15th days after release; however, its content changed to the natural organisms such as algae and small crustaceans when the fish was sampled on 20th days after release. Crude lipid content of carcass of fish in the sampling station A (SA) were lower than that of fish in the initial, sampling station B (SB) and CUL for the 5th and 10th days after release. Carcass n-3 HUFA composition, total amino acid and essential amino acid contents of released fish showed high trend compared to that of cultured fish in 30th days after release. The released fish have the ability to adjust their feeding habits and biochemical metabolism to the natural environment within a short period even though they showed preference to artificial feed in the early days after release.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.149-156
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• 2018

Objective: Broilers show clear preference towards red color light (RL). However setting of an optimum light intensity is difficult since dim intensities that favor growth reduce welfare. This experiment was conducted to test the most effective RL intensity regimen (Dim [5 lux; DI] vs high [320 lux; HI]) in combination applied at different growth stages that favors for both performance and welfare. Methods: Complete randomize design was adopted with 6 replicates. Treatments were; T1 = early DI (8-21 d)+latter HI (22-35 d); T2 = early DI (8-28 d)+latter HI (29-35 d), T3 = early HI (8-21 d)+latter DI (22-35 d), T4 = early HI (8-28 d)+latter DI (29-35 d) and T5 = control (white light; WT) (8-35 d) at medium intensity (20 lux). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), water/feed intake and ratio, feed conversion ratios (FCR) were assessed. Common behaviours (15) were recorded by scan sampling method. Lameness, foot pad dermatitis, breast blisters, hock burning damage were assessed as welfare parameters. Fear reactions were tested using Tonic Immobility Test. Ocular and carcass evaluations were done. Meat and tibiae were analyzed for fat and bone ash respectively. Results: On 35 d, the highest BW ($2,155.72{\pm}176g$), WG ($1,967.78{\pm}174g$) were recorded by T2 compared to WT ($BW_{WT}=1,878.22{\pm}155$, $WG_{WT}=1,691.83{\pm}160$). But, application of RL, either DI, or HI during early/latter stage had no significant effect on FCR. Under HI, birds showed much higher active behaviours. DI encourages eating. Though LI changed from DI to HI, same trend could be seen even under HI. The highest leg strength ($218.5{\pm}120s$) was recorded by T2. The lowest leg strength ($64.58{\pm}33s$) and the highest ocular weight ($2.48{\pm}1g$) were recorded by T1. Significantly (p<0.05) the highest skin weight ($162.17{\pm}6g$) but the lowest fat% in meat ($13.03%{\pm}5%$) was recorded by T2. Conclusion: Early exposure to DI-RL up to 28 days followed by exposure to HI-RL is the most favorable lighting regimen for optimizing production, better welfare of broilers and improving health benefits of meat.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2014

Recent trends in urban policies show the increasing importance of urban parks. Moreover the park policy and planning are increasingly important for the good urban park system. Comparative studies in the operational system and planning contents of the parks and green space plans of the major cities would be timely and meaningful. This study aims to provide a comparative study in operational system and planning contents of the Parks and Green Space Master Plan at urban scale. Sites include London, New York, Berlin, Sydney and Seoul. Analyses are focused on the master plans and strategy reports of each city. Frameworks for analysis are divided into operational system and planning contents. The results are as follows. First, the Parks and Green Space Plans as an open space planning linked to related resources would contribute to both integrated resources management and practice of the fairness. Second, evolution from quantity to quality of the parks and green space plan enhances revitalization and regeneration. Third, shift from the 'supply oriented plan' to 'need based plan' model provides flexible planning model to meet the demographic change, trend change, preference and use. Fourth, planning agents, enlarged opportunities for participation within each phase, diversified of the participants lead the changes from the passive participation to active one. In order to improve the practicability of the parks and green space master plan, a flexible planning strategy including social awareness changes and park governance is required.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.21-48
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• 2011

The paper affirms the weight proportion concept as an element, which could be empirically analyzed quantitatively through the developmental expansion of qualitative empirical analysis on taxonomy that is required for the construction Low-Carbon Green Cities and their eco-friendly elements, such as a pleasant residential environment The weight proportion concept is proposed as a new measure to identify eco-friendly elements and as an objective assessment indicators. To perform an empirical analysis, surveys were first given to the residents of Metropolitan Newtown (50 persons) and outside experts (50 persons) for the total of 100 persons. Second, the paper surveyed 74 sites of Eco-Environmental Certified Apartment Housing Complexes. Upon analysis of eco-friendly elements by their type and total weight, the largest weight proportion was expressed in the interior and eco-environmental elements, carbon-decrease types, and carbon-absorption types. The results of this paper confirm recent positive sentiments and preference toward a variety of future-oriented and sustainable eco-friendly elements like the eco-housing and new renewable energy, In addition, the paper affirmed the new housing trend towards constructing eco-friendly elements, such as carbon-decrease and carbon-absorption, that induce long-term investments, despite their need for higher investments.