• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2023

Pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) have been proposed as criteria for a proactive role to exceed the maximum residue limit (MRL) of pesticides in agricultural products at harvest. However, PHRL numbers are significantly less than those of established MRLs. This study was performed to determine the dissipation constants and residual concentrations of lufenuron after application on crown daisy and chamnamul under green house conditions. Two residue field trials for each crown daisy and chamnamul were selected to consider a different geographical site at least 20 km far from one another. The pesticide was treated according to critical GAP. After samples were sprayed with lufenuron, they were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days and analyzed using HPLC-DAD. The mean recoveries of crown daisy and chamnamul were within the range of 70-120% with below 20% coefficient variation, which is within the acceptable limits specified by the manual of pre-harvest residue study for pesticides (MFDS, 2014). The biological half-lives in field I and field II were 7.0 and 4.6 days for crown daisy and 2.7 and 2.8 days for chamnamul, respectively. The lower bounds of 95% confidence intervals of dissipation rate constants of lufenuron in crown daisy were determined to be 0.0692 and 0.1298 for field I and field II, respectively, and in chamnamul were 0.2067 for both field I and field II. After applying lufenuron 5% EC, the lufenuron residues on crown daisy and chamnamul at the pre-harvest intervals (14 days for crown daisy and 7 days for chamnamul) were below the safe levels. The dissipation rates of lufenuron in crown daisy and chamnamul were evaluated for similarities with leafy vegetables based on a 95% confidence interval.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.122-129
• /
• 2020

BACKGROUND: Dissipation patterns of insecticides (acequinocyl, clothianidin, diflubenzuron, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) on strawberry grown in plastic-covered greenhouse were evaluated at 7 intervals including the preharvest interval after application. This study was performed to determine the residue concentrations, half-lives and dissipation rates in strawberry for the harvest periods. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acequinocyl, clothianidin, diflubenzuron, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam were applied in accordance with critical good agricultural practices for strawberry. Strawberry samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after application. Quantitaion was performed by HPLC/DAD and HPLC-MSMS system with C₁₈ column. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) values varied between were 0.00025~0.05 mg/kg on strawberry. The recoveries of acequinocyl, clothianidin, diflubenzuron, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam at two concentrations ranged from 70.9~104.9% on strawberry. The half-lives of pesticide dissipation on strawberry for two fields ranged from 1.3~8.2 days. The dissipation rates were evaluated according to the statistics method with a 95% confidence. CONCLUSION: The residue levels of insecticides (acequinocyl, clothianidin, diflubenzuron, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) on strawberry at 0-day after application were below the specified values by Korean MRL. To estimate dissipation rate constant of pesticides on crop for harvest periods, it is important to set the pre-harvest residue limit for human health and consumer protection in Korea.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.149-155
• /
• 2002

상추의 생산단계에서의 잔류허용기준 설정과 최종 소비단계에서의 안전성 평가자료로 활용하기 위하여 지금까지 상추수확물에서의 잔류수준과 검출빈도가 높은 것으로 알려진 살충제 chlorpyrifos 및 살균제 procymidone의 포장상태에서의 생물학적 반감기, 보관상태에 따른 잔류량 변화 그리고 세척형태에 따른 제거율을 조사하였다. 시설재배포장에서 상추중두 약제의 살포농도별 생물학적 반감기를 측정한 결과 기준량 살포의 경우 chlorpyrifos 1.2일 및 procymidone 1.3일 배량살포의 경우에는 chlorpyrifos 1.5일 및 procymidone 2.6일로 나타났다. 유통과정중에서 일어날 수 있는 두 가지 농약의 잔류량 변화를 알아보기 위해서 실온(20$^{\circ}C$) 및 냉장(4$^{\circ}C$) 상태로 보관하면서 두 약제의 잔류량 변화를 조사한 결과 반감기는 실온저장시 chlorpyrifos 3.8일, procymidone 20.9일이었고, 냉장저장시에는 chlorpyrifos 12.4일 procymidone 20.9일로 나타나 두 약제 모두 실온저장보다 냉장저장시 잔류량의 감소가 훨씬 느린 것으로 나타났다. 세척방법에 의한 잔류농약의 감소량을 조사한 결과 세제 사용시의 평균 제거율은 chlorpyrifos 48.3%, procymidone 52.6%로 나타났고, 물 사용 시에는 chlorpyrifos 31.3%, procymidone 38.1%로 나타났다.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.307-313
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 매실 재배 중 사용되는 살균제인 azoxystrobin과 difenoconazole의 잔류특성을 알아보고 생산단계 잔류허용기준(Pre-Harvest Residue Limit, PHRL) 설정을 통하여 생산단계에서 합리적인 잔류농약 관리기준을 마련하기 위해 수행되었다. 먼저 두 살균제는 안전사용기준 농도로 희석하여 1회 살포와, 동일한 농도로 희석하여 7일 간격 3회 살포 구간으로 나누어 살포 후 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14일에 시료를 채취하여 분석에 사용하였다. 매실 중 azoxystrobin과 difenoconazole은 QuEChERS 방법으로 추출하고 $NH_2$ SPE cartridge를 이용하여 정제한 후 HPLC/DAD와 GLC/ECD로 각각 분석하였다. Azoxystrobin과 difenoconazole의 정량분석한계(Method Quantitative Limit, MQL)는 0.03 mg $kg^{-1}$과 0.006 mg $kg^{-1}$으로 나타났다. Azoxystrobin의 회수율은 0.3 및 1.5 mg $kg^{-1}$ 수준에서 각각 $93.2{\pm}2.49%$, $85.5{\pm}1.97%$이었으며, difenoconazole의 회수율은 0.06 및 0.3 mg $kg^{-1}$ 수준에서 각각 $100.8{\pm}6.74%$, $87.6{\pm}9.92%$이었다. 매실에서 생물학적 반감기는 기준량 1회 처리와 기준량 7일 간격 3회 처리에서 azoxystrobin은 각각 5.9일과 5.2일, difenoconazole은 9.3일과 8.0일로 나타났다. 잔류회귀 감소식을 이용하여 생산단계 잔류허용기준을 설정한다면 수확 10일전 azoxystrobin은 5.32 mg $kg^{-1}$, difenoconazole은 1.64 mg $kg^{-1}$ 이하로 잔류할 때 수확 시 잔류농도가 잔류허용기준(Maximum Residue Limit, MRL) 이하로 잔류할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.184-192
• /
• 2017

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to evaluate the residue dissipation of boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy and sweet pepper affected by the morphology of the crop. The half-lives and dissipation rate constants for boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy and sweet pepper were calculated. And then lower limit of 95% confidence interval for dissipation rate constant could be used to propose the pre-harvest residue limit. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pesticide products diluted according to the pesticide label were applied one time on crown daisy and sweet pepper at 2 field sites, respectively. Initial concentration of boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy after application were in the range of 72.80~117.15 mg/kg and 2.82~4.67 mg/kg, respectively. And Initial concentration of boscalid and spinetoram on sweet pepper were in the range of 1.58~1.62 mg/kg and 0.10~0.21 mg/kg, respectively. Boscalid and spinetoram for crown daisy dissipted below the maximum residue limit(MRL) at 10 and 2 days after application, respectively. All residues concentration of boscalid and spinetoram for sweet pepper below the MRL at 0 day after application. The half-lives based on dissipation rate constant for boscalid and spinetoram on crown daisy were 4.2~4.9 days and 3.0~2.4 days respectively. And the half-lives for boscalid and spinetoram on sweet pepper were 6.7~7.0 days and 2.8~4.0 days respectively. CONCLUSION: The difference in initial concentration of boscalid and spinetoram among crop commodities were due to different crop morphology with larger surface areas. This study was suggested that pre-harvest residue limit would be calculated from lower limit of 95% confidence interval for dissipation rate constant and would be useful to protect consumers by controlling the pesticide residues in crop.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.288-293
• /
• 2012

실내 재배 오이 중 살균제 amisulbrom의 생물학적 반감기 및 생산단계 잔류허용기준을 제안하고자 약제를 살포하고 재배기간 동안 잔류량을 확인하였다. Amisulbrom 1회 살포시 초기 잔류 농도는 $0.15mg\;kg^{-1}$이었으며 살포 5일 후 $0.06mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 감소되어 반감기는 3.6일이었다. 3일 간격으로 기준량 2회 살포시 초기 잔류량은 $0.35mg\;kg^{-1}$이었으며 살포 5일 후 $0.09mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 감소되어 반감기는 2.4일 이었다. 1회 처리 시의 잔류감소 회귀식을 이용한 생산단계 잔류허용 기준(PHRL)은 수확 5일 전 $1.83mg\;kg^{-1}$ 또는 2일 전 $1.03mg\;kg^{-1}$ 등으로 제안하였다. Amisulbrom 액상 수화제를 안전사용 기준에 따라 1회 살포, 또는 3일 간격 2회 살포 시 모두 살포 직후 잔류량은 오이 중 농약잔류 허용기준 보다 낮았다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제63권3호
• /
• pp.267-274
• /
• 2020

상추 중 살균제 mandipropamid 및 살충제 thiamethoxam의 생산단계 잔류허용기준(PHRLs)를 추정하기 위해 3곳의 상추 시설재배지에서 두 약제의 경시적 잔류량 감소특성을 조사하였다. 상추 중 농약 잔류량은 HPLC-PDA 또는 UVD를 이용하여 분석하였으며 우수한 회수율 및 변이값을 보여 분석의 유효성을 확보하였다. 농약안전사용기준에 따라 약제살포 권고량을 살포한 후 살포 후 수확일(PHI)을 포함한 10일 동안 출하시기에 적합한 개체를 채취하여 잔류량을 분석하였다. 포장별 초기 평균 잔류량은 mandipropamid 6.68-17.87 mg/kg, thiamethoxam 4.96-8.31 mg/kg이었고 10일 경과 후 각각 초기잔류량의 16-54 및 14-44% 수준으로 감소하였다. Thiamethoxam의 대사산물인 clothianidin은 <0.02-0.37 mg/kg으로 검출되었다. 상추 중 두 약제의 잔류량은 단순 1차 감쇄반응처럼 감소하였으며 포장구분없이 일자별 잔류량 회귀식을 산출한 결과, 평균 감소상수 및 생물학적 반감기는 mandipropamid의 경우 -0.1060 및 6.5일이었고 thiamethoxam은 -0.1236 및 5.6일이었다. 상추 잔류량 감소상수의 95% 신뢰구간 상한치는 mandipropamid -0.0746 및 thiamethoxam -0.1091이었으며, 출하 10일 및 5일 전 PHRLs은 mandipropamid의 경우 63.24 및 43.56 mg/kg, thiamethoxam은 44.66 및 25.88 mg/kg으로 산출되었다. 본 연구결과는 농가에서 농작물 출하시기를 조절하는데 활용될 수 있으며 농가의 소득 안정화에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.97-103
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND: Dissipation of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam in greenhouse grown chard samples was evaluated at 5 intervals including the pre-harvest interval after application. This study was conducted to determine the residue levels, the biological half-lives and dissipation rate of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam in chard under controlled conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were applied in accordance with good agricultural practices for chard. Chard samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after application. Quantitaion was performed by HPLC-DAD system with C18 column. Limit of quantification (LOQ) of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were both 0.02 mg/kg for chard. The recovery of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were 77.8~107.5% and 94.3~108.6% at two concentration levels. The half-lives of pesticide dissipation in chard for two fields were 11.9 and 8.2 days for acetamiprid and 3.6 and 3.3 days for thiamethoxam respectively. The dissipation rate of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were estimated according to the statistics method with a 95% confidence. CONCLUSION: Dissipation of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam in chard were determined under greenhouse. The concentration of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam in chards at 0 days after application were below specified by Korean MRL. Dissipation rate constant will be useful to set the pre-harvest residue limit for public health and consumer protection.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.223-229
• /
• 2015

소면적 재배 작물 중 연속수확작물인 높은 들깻잎의 안전성 확보를 위하여 들깻잎 중 bifenthrin 및 chlorfenapyr의 잔류양상을 연구하였다. 확립된 분석법을 이용하여 회수율시험을 실시한 결과 bifenthrin 및 chlorfenapyr의 회수율은 81.9~104.8% 범위로 만족할만하였다. 들깻잎의 생육 기간 중 bifenthrin과 chlorfenapyr의 잔류량 변화는 first order kinetics model을 적용하여 해석하였으며 이 식으로부터 산출된 감소상수는 bifenthrin에서 $0.0724-0.0535day^{-1}$, chlorfenapyr에서 $0.0948-0.0821day^{-1}$로 나타났다. 두 농약의 들깻잎 중 반감기는 bifenthrin의 경우 9.6-12.9일이었으며, chlorfenapyr는 7.3-8.4일이었다. 산출된 두 농약의 감소상수를 이용하여 pre-harvest residue limit(PHRL)을 산출한 결과 수확 10일전 들깻잎 중 bifenthrin 및 chlorfenapyr의 잔류량이 각각 17.1 및 15.9 mg/kg일 경우 수확일에는 두 농약의 잔류허용기준인 7.0 및 10.0 mg/kg 이하로 잔류하여 안전할 것으로 예상되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.47-51
• /
• 2004

In order to know the residual pattern of pesticides and predict to the degradation period until below MRL we experimented procymidone and chlorothalonil for grape which were the most detected pesticide in grape by NAQS(National Agricultural product Quality management Service) survey. In this experiment we sprayed those pesticides 10 days before harvest and analyzed 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 day sample to establish logical equation and to calculate $DT_{50}$. Also the same day samples stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, which were compared their degradation patterns. During the cultivating period, the residue amount of procymidone was changed from 1.85 mg/kg (0 day) to 0.33 mg/kg (10 day), $DT_{50}$ was 3.5 days, and chlorothalonil was changed from 5.5 mg/kg (0 day) to 3.49 mg/kg (10 day), $DT_{50}$ was 4.4 days. During the storage period, $DT_{50}$ of procymidone and chlorothalonil at $4^{\circ}C$ were 10.5 and 7.6 days, and 6.3 and 6.1 days at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively.