• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.1254-1266
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• 2024

This study investigates the application of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO₂) direct-cycle micro modular reactors (MMRs) in primary frequency control (PFC), which is a scenario characterized by significant load fluctuations that has received less attention compared to secondary load-following. Using a modified GAMMA + code and a deep neural network-based turbomachinery off-design model, the authors conducted an analysis to assess the behavior of the reactor core and fluid system under different PFC scenarios. The results indicate that the acceptable range for sudden relative electricity output (REO) fluctuations is approximately 20%p which aligns with the performance of combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) and open-cycle gas turbines (OCGTs). In S-CO₂ direct-cycle MMRs, the control of the core operates passively within the operational range by managing coolant density through inventory control. However, when PFC exceeds 35%p, system control failure is observed, suggesting the need for improved control strategies. These findings affirm the potential of S-CO₂ direct-cycle MMRs in PFC operations, representing an advancement in the management of grid fluctuations while ensuring reliable and carbon-free power generation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.1398-1406
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• 2024

The control rod worth is a key safety parameter required to be measured in commercial pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Conventionally, the control rod worth is measured after reaching the critical state, which occupies the considerable time in the zero-power physics test. In this study, an efficient control-rod worth measurement technique has been proposed based on the improved neutron-source multiplication method, which can be implemented with the source-range detector count rates in the subcritical states. Moreover, the noise reduction technique has been adopted to smooth the large fluctuation existing in the original signals. In order to verify the engineering performance of the proposed measurement technique, the measured source-range detector count rates during the rod withdrawal process before reaching critical state in a CNP1000 reactor have been employed. It demonstrated that almost all estimated results of control rod worth satisfy the engineering acceptance criteria, except one control rod with the relative difference over 10 %, which indicates the capability of the proposed method in estimating control rod worth.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.335-353
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• 2015

Previous long-term measurements of the Uldolmok tidal current power plant showed that the structure's natural frequencies fluctuate with a constant cycle-i.e., twice a day with changes in tidal height and tidal current velocity. This study aims to improve structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques for offshore structures under a harsh tidal environment like the Uldolmok Strait. In this study, lab-scale experiments on a simplified offshore structure as a lab-scale test structure were conducted in a circulating water channel to thoroughly investigate the causes of fluctuation of the natural frequencies and to validate the displacement estimation method using multimetric data fusion. To this end, the numerical study was additionally carried out on the simplified offshore structure with damage scenarios, and the corresponding change in the natural frequency was analyzed to support the experimental results. In conclusion, (1) the damage that occurred at the foundation resulted in a more significant change in natural frequencies compared with the effect of added mass; moreover, the structural system became nonlinear when the damage was severe; (2) the proposed damage index was able to indicate an approximate level of damage and the nonlinearity of the lab-scale test structure; (3) displacement estimation using data fusion was valid compared with the reference displacement using the vision-based method.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.1565-1576
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• 2002

By way of driving a 2-way on/off solenoid hydraulic valve with a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, control of the pressure in a certain volume is frequently used in various applications. However, the pressure built-up according to the duty ratio and carrier frequency of the PWM signal is not so well understood. In order to clarify the characteristics of 2-way valve hydraulic pressure control systems, in this paper two formula fur the mean and ripple of the load pressure were derived through theoretical analysis. And the accuracy of the derived formula were verified by comparison with the experimental test result. Generally 2-way valve systems are constructed as a bleed-off circuit, while 3-way valves are used as a control element in a meter-in circuit pressure control system. In a bleed-off circuit, the system supply pressure from a hydraulic power pack does not remain constant, but changes according to their external load. In turn, the relief valve in the hydraulic power pack reacts accordingly showing complicated dynamic behavior, which makes an analytical study difficult. In order to resolve the problem, simple but accurate empirical dynamic models fer a bleed-off system were used in the course of formula derivation. As the result, selection criteria for two major control parameters of the driving signal is established and the basic strategy to suppress the unnecessary pressure fluctuation can be provided for a hydraulic pressure control system using a 2-way on/off solenoid valve.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.127-137
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• 1979

담배의 중량변화에 영향을 주는 인자중에서 刻草(각폭 0.9mm)의 길이와 수분함량 그리고 이 두 인자의 변화에 따른 팽숭성 변화의 상호관계로부터 우리나라 제조담배의 중량변화관계를 분석하였다. 1. 수분함량이 1%씩 변화할 때 각초의 팽숭성은 3.2~7.9%가 변화하였고, 제품의 중량은 5.7~7.6%의 변화를 보였으며, 이 변화율은 각초의 길이가 클수록 크게 나타나고 길이가 작을수록 작게 나타났다. 2. 일정한 수분함량( 12% )에서 각초의 길이변화에 따른 팽숭성의 변화는 3.8~22.8%로 나타났고, 제품의 중량은 2.9~29.4%의 변화를 보였으며, 이 변화폭은 수분함량이 감소할수록 커지고 증가할수록 작아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. 길이가 서로 다른 각초를 일정량씩 임의로 배합하였을 때의 제품중량의 변화는 각초의 길이가 2mm이상은 3.5%가 증가하는 반면 2mm이하는 3.5%가 감소하였으면 이 변화는 배합률이 25~30%에서 가장 적게 나타났다. 4. 우리나라 제조담배의 표준중량은 본 실험의 결과 분석된 적정중량에 비해서 1~9%가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.124-132
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• 1991

This study was carried out to obtain the information needed in the development of forward speed control system and the improvement of combine performance. The effects of variety, grain moisture content and forward speed on the combine load characteristics were investigated through experiments. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. A data acquisition system was developed to measure the engine speed and the torques and speeds of the threshing cylinder, dean-grain auger and tailings-return auger. The system consisted of transducers, signal conditioner, interface board and microcomputer. The system accuracy is better than ${\pm}2.3%$ full scale. 2. Linear regression equations were obtained for the torque, speed and power requirement of threshing cylinder for different paddy varieties, grain moisture contents and feed rates. 3. The maximum value of relative frequency for threshing cylinder torque decreased as the increase in feed rate and moisture content. The range of torque fluctuation was 1.2~3.7 and 1.2~1.9 times the average and maximum torque, respectively. The maximum value of power spectrum density (PSD) appeared to be about 11 Hz regardless of paddy variety, grain moisture content and feed rate. 4. The speed of tailings return thrower decreased rapidly at below 900rpm, and it fell to near zero about 3 seconds after that time. When the travelling of combine harvester was stopped immediately after sensing the overload, it took about 7 seconds for a full recovery of the no-load speed of tailings return thrower.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Generally, an electric railroad feeding system has many problems due to the different characteristics in contrast with a load of general three-phase AC electric power system. One of them is harmonics problem caused by the switching device existing in the feeding system, and moreover, the time-varying dynamic loads of rail way is inherently another cause to increase this harmonics problem. In Korea power systems, the electric railroad feeding system is directly supplied from the substation of KEPCO. Therefore, if voltages fluctuation or unbalanced voltages are created by the voltage and current distortion or voltage drop during operation, it affects directly the source of supply. The trainloads of electric railway system have non-periodic but iterative harmonic characteristics as operating condition, because the electric characteristic of the electric railroad feeding system is changed by physical conditions of the each trainload. According to the traditional study, the estimation of harmonics has been performed by deterministic way using the steady state data at the specific time. This method is easy to analyze harmonics, but it has limits in some cases which needs an assessment of dynamic load and reliability. Therefore, this paper proposes the probabilistic estimation method, moments matching method(MW) in order to overcome the drawback of deterministic method. In this paper, distributions for each harmonics are convolved to obtain the moments and cumulants of TDD(Total Demand Distortion), and this can be generalized for any number of trains. For the case study, the electric railway system of LAT(Intra Airport Transit) in Incheon International Airport is modeled using PSCAD/EMTDC dynamic simulator. The raw data of harmonics for the moments matching method is acquired from simulation of the LAT model.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2006

고본 논문에서는, 구내용 전력선통신 시스템(PLC; Power Line Communication)으로서 연속직교 상관특성을 갖는 이진 코드를 이용한 CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)시스템 기반의 전력선통신 시스템을 제시하였다. 연속직교 상관특성을 갖는 이진 코드는 주기가 N=4로부터 2의 배수로 계속 확장이 가능하기 때문에 코드발생기의 구현이 용이함과 동시에 ZCD(Zero Correlation Duration)특성을 가짐으로 인해서, 구내용 전력선통신에서 에코특성에 의한 다중경로 및 다중접속으로 인한 간섭문제를 확산코딩기법을 이용하여 근원적으로 해결해주는 역할을 한다. 본 논문에서는 제안한 연속직교 상관특성을 갖는 이진 코드기반의 구내용 전력선통신의 간섭완화 성능을 확인하기 위하여, 임펄스잡음 환경 및 에코특성에 의한 MPI(Multi Path Interference)와 MAI(Multiple Access Interference)와 같은 다양한 간섭환경 하에서의 BER(Bit Error Rate)특성을 정량적으로 분석하고, 모의실험을 통해 제안시스템의 간섭완화 능력을 입증하였다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.327-334
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• 1995

In order to observe the influence of pulsed Nd:YAG laser at its out-of-contact with dentin on tooth temperature, we have applied pulsed Nd:YAG laser to 2mm thick dentin sample at a point of contact and from a distance of 1mm, 2mm, 3mm and 4mm with an energy of 0.3W, 0.5W, 0.8W, 1.5W and 2.0W. They were exposed to periods of 3 seconds, 6 seconds, 9 seconds and 15 seconds respectively and measured temperature changes. The results as follows : 1. When the time ad intensity of power were constant, the temperature changes on dentin of tooth depended on the distance. The temperature increased when the laser intensity increased bu two other conditions were contact. 2. At the point of contact, the temperature has risen over $5^{\circ}C$ regrdless of intensity of the power or the time. However, there was $5^{\circ}C$ fluctuation with 0.3 W for 3 seconds treatment. 3. The temperature change was less than $5^{\circ}C$ thermal change at the distance of 1mm and 2mm respectively when lased for 3 seconds, 6 seconds, 12 seconds and 15 seconds with 0.3 W. Similar results were observed at 3 and 6 seconds treatment with 0.5 W and at 3 seconds treatment with 0.8 and 1.0W respectively. 4. It showed less than 5(C thermal change when lased for 3 seconds, 6 seconds, 9 seconds, 12 seconds and 15 seconds with 0.3W at the distance of 3mm and 4mm. The same results were seen in 3 seconds, 6 seconds and 9 seconds treatment with 0.5W and in 3 seconds with 0.8W and 1.0W respectively. As we have seen the above, the results has indicated that pulsed Nd:YAG lasing at its off contact on dentin of 2mm thickness will not cause irreversible changes if lasing intensity, lasing distance and lasing time are appropriate.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1993

기후를 대기의 종합상태라 볼 때에 어느 지역의 기후요소의 변동 크기는 그 지역의 기후의 특성을 나타내는 하나의 지표가 된다. 특히 우리나라 하계 우기인 6,7,8월 동안의 강우량(1920년~1985년)의 변화경향성, 다우년과 과우년의 발생빈도, 그리고 주기 등에 대해 남한 전역의 표준강우량 및 서울, 대구, 부산, 목포, 강릉, 전주의 6개 지점의 강우를 서로 비교하였다. 그리고 남서기류의 영향이 우리나라의 하계 강우에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 남한의 표준강우량 및 6개 지점의 강우와 인도 하계 몬순(monson) 강우와의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 남한 전역의 표준강우량의 평균은 611.6mm이고 표준편차는 165.5mm로서 평균의 21%이다. 6개 지점별 강수량의 평균은 지역에 따라 차이가 심하고 다우년과 과우년의 발생횟수 역시 지역에 따라 차이가 심하다. 변화경향성을 조사한 통계량 r는 남한 전역의 표준강우량의 경우 0.07이며 각 지점별 강우의 경우에도 비슷한 통계량 크기를 나타냈으며 이러한 값들은 통계적으로 유의하지 않다. 즉, 변화경향성은 없다. 우리나라 하계강우의 주기는 2.4~2.5년, 3.1~3.6년 그리고 7.3년으로 나타났다. 우리나라 하계강우와 인도 하계몬순 강우와의 상관은 대구와 전주같은 내륙지방에서는 크게 나타나고, 그 외 해안에 인접한 지역에서는 잘 나타나지 않고 있다.