• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.636-644
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• 2014

This experiment examined the effects of preharvest Ca-chitosan spraying and short-term post-harvest treatment with high $pCO_2$ on the shelf-life of 'Seolhyang' strawberry fruit. Fruit firmness decreased when harvested late in the season and was little affected by Ca-chitosan spray treatments. Short-term treatment with high $pCO_2$ after harvest, however, significantly increased fruit firmness regardless of preharvest treatment. The combined treatment of Ca-chitosan spray and high $pCO_2$ led to an additional increase in shelf-life through delay of skin disorder, fruit decay incidence and firmness loss during simulated marketing. The residual effects of both treatments, however, were reduced when fruit were harvested late in the season. Fruit firmness was more affected by high $pCO_2$ treatment whereas decay and visual quality were affected by preharvest spraying with Ca-chitosan. Although more research is required to determine the optimum concentration of calcium and chitosan, and the optimal spray interval, our results show that the combined treatment of preharvest Ca-chitosan spray and postharvest high $pCO_2$ is effective in improving strawberry fruit shelf-life by increasing firmness and delaying decay.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2010

The post-harvest concentration change of four kind of pesticides, captan, chlorpyrifos, methidathion and kresoxim-methyl was investigated with the storage period for the import fruit. Then the post-harvest concentration was set to 1000, 250, 400 and 157 $mgkg^{-1}$ for captan, chlorpyrifos, methidathion and kresoxim-methyl respectively. In case of captan, 0.9-12.5 $mgkg^{-1}$ in total fruit base and ND-0.23 $mgkg^{-1}$ in the sarcocarp were measured after atomization and 0.7-3.2 $mgkg^{-1}$ in total fruit base and ND-0.67 $mgkg^{-1}$ in the sarcocarp were measured after four week. For chlopyrifos, menthidathion, and kresoxim-methyl 0.4-2.2, 0.7-3.1 and 1.3-2.1 $mgkg^{-1}$ in total fruit base and ND-0.32, ND-0.05 and ND-0.16 $mgkg^{-1}$ in the sarcocarp were measured after atomization respectively. After four week 0.3-0.9, 0.4-2.0 and 1.3-1.8 $mgkg^{-1}$ in total fruit base and ND-0.02, ND-0.05 and ND-0.15 $mgkg^{-1}$ in the sarcocarp were investigated for other three pesticides. The concentration decreasing ratio of pesticides was largest for captan, 52% and other components were in order of chlopyrifos, menthidathion, and kresoxim-methy, 47, 41, 11% each other.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.595-603
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• 2007

To investigate whether phospholipase D (PLD, EC 3.1.4.4) plays a role in adaptive response of post-harvest fruit to environment, a PLD gene was firstly cloned from grape berry (Vitis Vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) using RT-PCR and 3'- and 5'-RACE. The deduced amino acid sequence (809 residues) showed 84.7% identity with that of PLD from Ricinus communis. The secondary structures of this protein showed the characteristic C2 domain and two active sites of a phospholipid-metabolizing enzyme. The PLD activity and its expression in response to heat acclimation were then assayed. The results indicated PLD was significantly activated at enzyme activity, as well as accumulation of PLD mRNA and synthesis of new PLD protein during the early of heat acclimation, primary suggesting that the grape berry PLD may be involved in the heat response in post-harvest grape berry. This work offers an important basis for further investigating the mechanism of post-harvest fruit adaptation to environmental stresses.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1142-1145
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• 1996

Long term-storage of citrus oranges after harvest has been hindered mainly by molds The goal of this research was to collect and identify those molds, which would help find a way to extend shelf-life after harvest. During the period of 1994 to 1995, fourteen different strains were isolated and purified from putrefied fruit (Citrus unshiu var.) that was stored at room temperature under open air. The storage disease was caused by the following molds: Penicillium italicum, 25.8%, Monilia candida, 19.8%; Alternaria citri, 18.1%; Mucor hiemalis, 11.0%; Phomopsis citri, 6.6%; Botrytis cinerea. 5.5%; Phoma citricarpa, 3.8%; Glomerella cingulata, 3.8%; P. digitatum, 1.1%; other molds, 4.5%; Most of the strains showed pectinolytic activity and putrefaction. These citrus fruit-putrefying molds will be used as target strains for the control of microorganisms during post-harvest storage.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2010

Chlorophyll fluorescence has been researched for assessing fruit post-harvest quality and condition. The objective of this preliminary research was to investigate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy for measuring apple fruit quality. Ultraviolet (UV) and blue light was used as an excitation source for inducing fluorescence in apples. Fluorescence spectra were measured from 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD) apples using a visible/near-infrared spectrometer after one, three, and five minutes of continuous UV/blue light illumination. Standard destructive tests were performed to measure fruit firmness, skin and flesh color, soluble solids and acid content from the apples. Calibration models for each of the three illumination time periods were developed to predict fruit quality indexes. The results showed that fluorescence emission decreased steadily during the first three minutes of UV/blue light illumination and was stable within five minutes. The differences were minimal in the model prediction results based on fluorescence data at one, three or five minutes of illumination. Overall, better predictions were obtained for apple skin chroma and hue and flesh hue with values for the correlation coefficient of validation between 0.80 and 0.90 for both GD and RD. Relatively poor predictions were obtained for fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titrational acid, and flesh chroma. This research has demonstrated that fluorescence spectroscopy is potentially useful for assessing selected quality attributes of apple fruit and further research is needed to improve fluorescence measurements so that better predictions of fruit quality can be achieved.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1155-1155
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• 2001

The quality of agricultural products is very important factor for consumers. In Japan, quality is sometimes more important than cost. Usually, the quality of fresh food products is determined in terms of shape, color, size, etc. However, these indices are not always associated with taste, leaving consumers to complain. Recently, two types of the fruit quality meter (a tabletop type - K-FS200 and a portable type - K-BA100, Kubota Corp.) using NIR technology were introduced in Japan. A tabletop instrument is for post harvest use and a portable one is for precision agriculture use. The both meters use the NIR region from 600nm to 1000nm in the interactance mode to determine quality factors related to taste. The instruments can measure sugar content and acidity of such fruit as apples, tomatoes, tangerines and other fruits. The measurement is timely, nondestructive and precise. For example, the coefficient of variation (CV) is less than 6% for sugar in most fruits. The K-FS200 has been evaluated in supermarkets, grading facilities, and wholesalers in Japan. The introduction of the K-FS200) has drawn attention to taste quality and its use is becoming more popular. In addition, researchers or farmers are becoming interested in measuring product ingredient not only after harvest but also during growing in the field so that they can make intelligent judgements concerning soil amendments, such as fertilizers and water, employs the fiber probe for flexible measurement and is battery powered for field use. Design of the fruit quality meters will be discussed. Applications to fruit quality will be presented.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2009

Hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence scattering have been researched recently for measuring fruit post-harvest quality and condition. And they are promising for nondestructive detection of fruit quality. The objective of this research was to develop a model, which measure the quality of apple by using hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence. A violet laser (408 nm) and a quartz tungsten halogen light were used as light sources for generating laser induced fluorescence and reflectance scattering in apples, respectively. The laser induced fluorescence and reflectance of 'Golden Delicious' apples were measured by using a hyperspectral imaging system. Fruit firmness, soluble solids and acid content were measured using standard destructive methods. Principal component analyses were performed to extract critical information from both hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence data and this information was then related to fruit quality indexes. The fluorescence models had poorer predictions of the three quality indexes than the reflectance models. However, the prediction models of integrating fluorescence and reflectance performed consistently better than the individual models of either reflectance or fluorescence. The correlation coefficient for fruit firmness, soluble solid content, and tillable acidity from the integrated model was 0.86, 0.75, and 0.66 respectively. Also the standard errors were 6.97 N, 1.05%, and 0.07% respectively.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.07a
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• pp.133-170
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• 1995

The major objectives of fruit breeding lie in improvement of cultivar, easy to be cultivated and of high quality, in order to produce unexpensive, delicious fruit both for fresh fruit market and processing. Recently, fruit breeding in Korea has contributed to breeding of several superior cultivars in major fruit crops, resulting in appreciable improvement in qualities such as skin color, taste and fruit-bearing habit concerned with productivity. In spite of accomplishments mentioned above, the need for both highly disease-resistant cultivars and long-keeping, physiological disorder-resistant cultivars to meet long distance transsportation in the temperate fruit crops of apples, oriental pears, stone fruits such as peaches, and grapes grown in Korea is rapidly pressing more than ever, as cultivars of today susceptible to pests and diseases and vulnerable to physiological disorders are very expensive and time-consuming in post-harvest handling and management. Thus, imporvements made in the above problems through breeding level will lead to the really enhanced productivity in fruit industry. The major impediments of tree size, the long length of juvenile period and the highly heterogeneous genetic composition to the improvement of fruit crops are responsible for the lower amount and rate of improvements of fruit crops as compared to annuals. Considering the expected limitations of the above problems to be solved through conventional breeding methods and strategy, a turning point of breeding a near perfect cultivar would be laid down if innovative breakthroughs in biological technology will be realized in applying some of the techniques of genetic manipulation at the molecular level to the cultivar improvement of fruit crops, such as the selective insertion of DNA carrying genes that govern desirable characteristics. More than anything else, those traits such as fruiting habit deciding productivity, elements of fruit qualities conditioned by monogene, and disease-and pest-resistance of vital importance for successful fruit growing are urgently desired to be improved by advancement of biotechnology for they are more than difficult and need long period to be attained through conventional breeding method.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.378-385
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the changes of fruit quality indices during fruit development and ripening in Korean new pear cultivar 'Changjo', developed from a cross between 'Tama' and '81-1-27' ('Danbae' ${\times}$ 'Okusankichi') in 1995 and named in 2009, to determine appropriate harvest time and to enhance the market quality and broaden the cultivation area. The fruits of 'Changjo' pears harvested from 132 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 160 DAFB. Fruit growth and quality indices were monitored at 1 week interval by measuring fruit weight, length, diameter, firmness, and taste related quality indices. The calculated fruit fresh weight increased continuously with fruit development and reached to an average of 594g on Sep. 20 (160 DAFB). The ratio of length to diameter declines as fruit maturation progress, resulting in 0.898 for ripe fruit stage as a round oblate shape. Flesh firmness of 'Changjo' pears showed over 30N until 153 DAFB and then decreased abruptly with fruit ripening, reaching a final level of about 26.44N on 160 DAFB. Starch content of fruit sap was also decreased abruptly after 146 DAFB which decreased almost half of the fruits harvested at 139 DAFB. In parallel with the decrease of flesh firmness, ethanol insoluble solids (EIS) content decreased sharply with fruit ripens, only 50% of EIS was detected on the fruits harvested on 160 DAFB when compared to that of the fruits harvested on 139 DAFB (Aug. 30). The maximum value of soluble solids contents was observed in the fruits harvested on 153 DAFB, resulting in $14.2^{\circ}Brix$. The changes of skin color difference $a^*$ which means loss of green color occurred only after 139 DAFB, coincide with the decrease of SPAD value of the fruit skin. The sugars of the 80% ethanol soluble fraction consisted mainly of fructose, sorbitol, glucose and sucrose, also increased during maturation and ripening. Fructose and sucrose contents were larger than those of glucose and sorbitol in flesh tissues. These results were explained that stored starch is converted to soluble sugars during fruit maturation, mainly in fructose and sucrose increasing the sweetness of this cultivar. Total polyphenols were increased up to middle of fruit maturation (146 DAFB) and then decreased continuously until the end of fruit maturation. Consequently, our results suggested that the commercial harvest time of 'Changjo' pears should not be passed 153 DAFB and late harvest of this cultivar would not good for quality maintenance during shelf-life. As a result of the post-harvest low-temperature acclimation experiment during the short-term transportation period, fruits harvested at 146 DAFB tended to maintain higher firmness after 14 days of simulated marketing at $25^{\circ}C$ compared to fruits harvested at 153 DAFB regardless of temperature set. And, the slower the rate of decrease to the final transport temperature of $5^{\circ}C$, the higher the incidence of internal browning and ethylene production. Therefore, in order to suppress the physiological disorder and to maintain the fruit quality when exporting to Southeast Asia in the 'Chanjo' pears, it is desirable to lower the temperature of the fruits within a short time after harvest and to set the harvest time before 146 days after full bloom.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2015

Purpose: This study evaluates a new banana bulk packaging method under the real transport conditions of Sri Lanka. Methods: A field evaluation of optimized 8-mm thick Styrofoam sheets used as the cushioning material was applied. A trial transport was conducted from Thambuttegama to Colombo using a medium-sized open truck, with banana leaves as the control material. Data were recorded at the farmer, transporter, retailer, and consumer stages of the supply chain. Mechanical damage, physiological loss in weight, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, ripeness index, visual quality ratings, and the physical damage index of the bananas were measured at each stage. A cost-benefit analysis was also conducted for both packaging methods. Results: The 8-mm styrofoam sheets significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the mechanical damage from 26.3% to 12.9% compared to the conventional method for long-distance transport, and the physiological loss in weight showed a decrease of 2.88%. The loss of firmness of the fruits followed a simmilar pattern for both methods until reaching the retailer, but at the consumer was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the control. However, the physical damage index at the retail stage for the control showed symptoms of physical injury, whereas the bananas transported using the cushioning materials exhibited only minor symptoms. Further, the visual quality of the fruits after transport from the farmer to the consumer was preserved, which is one of the main factors affecting consumer preference and retail price. The proposed method increases the profit margin by 51.2% for Embul bananas owing to the reduced postharvest losses. Conclusion: The 8-mm thick Styrofoam sheets reduced the physical damage to the bananas, with the quality parameters maintained at the prefered level. Moreover, profits may be increased.