• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2015

In this study, the control of microstructure for increasing surface roughness of Al with an electro-chemical reaction and a post treatment is systematically investigated. The Al specimen is electro-chemically treated in an electrolyte. In condition of the post treatment at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min, a change of the surface microstructure occur at 50V (5 min), and a oxidized layer is at 400V, to which lead a decreasing surface roughness. The minimum temperature of the post treatment for a change of microstructure is $80^{\circ}C$. Moreover, in the condition of 300V (5 min), the electro-chemical reaction is followed by the post treatment at $100^{\circ}C$, the critical enduring time for the change of microstructure is 3 min. The longer post treatment time leads to the rougher surface. The treated Al specimen demonstrate better heat release ability owing to the higher surface roughness than the non-treated Al.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.524-532
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of high post-mortem temperature application on development of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) turkey meat characteristics in terms of local slaughter conditions. Within this scope, it was targeted to obtain PSE-like muscles benefiting from different post-mortem temperature applications. Immediately after slaughter, turkey Pectoralis major (n=15) muscles were kept at various post-mortem temperatures (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40℃) for 5 h. pH values of 40°C treatment were lower than four other treatments (p<0.05). L* values, drip loss, cook loss, and thawing loss of 40℃ group were higher than the other groups (p< 0.05). Napole yield of 40℃ treatment indicated that high post-mortem temperature decreases brine uptake. Protein solubility of 40℃ group was lower than 0℃ group (p<0.05). Expressible moisture did not differ between 0 and 40℃ treatments. Hardness, gumminess and chewiness of 40℃ treatment were higher than 0℃ treatment. The results of this research showed that high post-mortem temperature treatment induced development of PSE-like turkey meat, with lower pH, paler color, higher technological and storage losses, and reduced protein solubility and texture.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.253-261
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the patient controlled analgesics (PCA) education program (including practicum) on post-op pain suffered by patients who have undergone gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. Methods: The research was designed for a nonequivalent control group before and after the test design. The subjects of this study were 54 in all and were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The program consisted of a brochure for PCA use and a practicum with an actual PCA instrument. Data were collected with questionnaires and observations and were analyzed on the basis of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, ${\chi}^2$ and t-test. Results: Complaints regarding pain by the experimental group were significantly less than those of the control group in both post-op 24-hour and post-op 48-hour reporting. The experimental group pressed the PCA button much less frequently than the control group in post-op 24 hours. However, there were no significant differences in side effects between the two groups. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, this PCA education program can be useful in the clinical nursing field and helpful for patients who use PCA.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.269-274
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• 2015

In this experiment, post-nitriding treatment was performed at $400^{\circ}C$ on AISI 316 stainless steel which was plasma carburized previously at $430^{\circ}C$ for 15 hours. Plasma nitriding was implemented on AISI 316 stainless steel at various gas compositions (25% $N_2$, 50% $N_2$ and 75% $N_2$) for 4 hours. Additionally, during post nitriding Ar gas was used with $H_2$ and $N_2$ to observe the improvement of surface properties. After treatment, the behavior of the hybrid layer was investigated by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-hardness testing. Potentiodynamic polarization test was also used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the samples. Meanwhile, it was found that the surface hardness increased with increasing the nitrogen gas content. Also small percentage of Ar gas was introduced in the post nitriding process which improved the hardness of the hardened layer but reduced the corrosion resistance compared with the carburized sample. The experiment revealed that AISI 316L stainless steel showed better hardness and excellent corrosion resistance compared with the carburized sample, when 75% $N_2$ gas was used during the post nitriding treatment. Also addition of Ar gas during post nitriding treatment degraded the corrosion resistance of the sample compared with the carburized sample.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.239-244
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• 2015

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is one of the most important processes for enabling sub-14 nm semiconductor manufacturing. Moreover, post-CMP defect control is a key process parameter for the purpose of yield enhancement and device reliability. Due to the complexity of device with sub-14 nm node structure, CMP-induced defects need to be fixed in the CMP in-situ cleaning module instead of during post ex-situ wet cleaning. Therefore, post-CMP in-situ cleaning optimization and cleaning efficiency improvement play a pivotal role in post-CMP defect control. CMP in-situ cleaning module normally consists of megasonic and brush scrubber processes. And there has been an increasing effort for the optimization of cleaning chemistry and brush scrubber cleaning in the CMP cleaning module. Although there have been many studies conducted on improving particle removal efficiency by brush cleaning, these studies do not consider the effects of brush contamination. Depending on the process condition and brush condition, brush cross contamination effects significantly influence post-CMP cleaning defects. This study investigates brush cross contamination effects in the CMP in-situ cleaning module by conducting experiments using 300mm tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) blanket wafers. This study also explores brush pre-treatment in the CMP tool and proposes recipe effects, and critical process parameters for optimized CMP in-situ cleaning process through experimental results.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2020

Since April 2015, post-mastectomy breast reconstruction has been covered by the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). The frequency of these procedures has increased very rapidly. We analyzed data obtained from the Big Data Hub of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) and determined annual changes in the number of breast reconstruction procedures and related trends in Korea. We evaluated the numbers of mastectomy and breast reconstruction procedures performed between April 2015 and December 2018 using data from the HIRA Big Data Hub. We determined annual changes in the numbers of total, autologous, and implant breast reconstructions after NHIS coverage commenced. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The post-mastectomy breast reconstruction rate increased from 19.4% in 2015 to 53.4% in 2018. In 2015, implant reconstruction was performed in 1,366 cases and autologous reconstruction in 905 (60.1% and 39.8%, respectively); these figures increased to 3,703 and 1,570 (70.2% and 29.7%, respectively) in 2018. Free tissue transfer and deep inferior epigastric perforator flap creation were the most common autologous reconstruction procedures. For implant-based reconstructions, the rates of directto-implant and tissue-expander breast reconstructions (first stage) were similar in 2018. This study summarizes breast reconstruction trends in Korea after NHIS coverage was expanded in 2015. A significant increase over time in the post-mastectomy breast reconstruction rate was evident, with a trend toward implant-based reconstruction. Analysis of data from the HIRA Big Data Hub can be used to predict breast reconstruction trends and convey precise information to patients and physicians.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2016

최근 기후변화로 인한 수문기상학적인 극한 사상들은 점점 대형화되고 있고, 그 발생빈도 또한 잦아지고 있다. 인구의 증가와 급격한 도시화, 자산 가치의 증가 등으로 물과 관련된 재해로 인한 피해는 점점 더 규모가 커지고 있다. 홍수와 가뭄, 허리케인, 쓰나미와 같이 물과 관련된 재해는 그 영향을 받는 사람들의 수로 본다면 지구상의 재해 중 90%를 차지하고 있을 만큼 그 규모가 크다 할 수 있으며, 전세계적으로 물관련 재해로 인한 재산상의 피해를 약 1,000억 달러 규모로 추산하고 있는데, 2030년에는 그 현재의 두 배가 될 것으로 예측하고 있다. 이와 같은 재해로 인한 피해는 개도국이나 최빈국뿐만 아니라 관련 인프라가 잘 구축되어 있는 선진국 또한 예외는 아니다. 2015년 9월 UN 세계지속가능 정상 회의에서 각국의 수반들 또한 17개의 "지속가능개발목표(Sustainable Development Goals; SDGs)"를 채택함으로서 post-2015 아젠다가 세계를 지속가능하고 균형 있게 바꾸어 나가기 위해서 취해야 하는 가장 시급하고 필요한 과감한 혁신적인 조치임을 인식하였다. 재해경감과 지속가능개발은 2005년 채택된 "효고프레임웍(Hyogo Framework for Action) 2005-2015"에서 도 중요하게 다루어 졌다. 2015년 3월 제3차 세계재해경감대회에서 채택된 "센다이 프레임웍(Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction) 2015-2030"은 Post-2015 개발의제의 첫 번째 합의 결의안이라 할 수 있으며, 인명피해의 실질적인 감소와 재해에 의한 영향으로 피해 보는 사람들의 수를 줄이고, 경제적 손실과 대형 인프라 피해의 경감을 주요 타겟으로 하고 있다. 이와 같은 리질리언스의 중요성은 SDGs의 Goal 11인 "안전하고 지속가능한 도시와 정주지 조성(Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable)"에서 강조되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 다양한 골에서 재해로 부터의 리질리언스 확보에 대한 필요성을 강조하고 있다. 재해 위험을 경감시키기 위해서 국제적으로, 지역적으로 또는 국경을 넘어서는 협력 관계의 구축이 중앙정부나 지방정부를 비롯한 국가적으로 절대적으로 필요한 노력이라 할 수 있다. 특히나, Post-2015 개발 아젠다에 대한 기후변화와 재해경감을 위한 금융지원을 포함한 최빈국, 개도국, 군소 도서국가들과 중견국 선진국들의 양자간이나 다자간 협력 채널을 통한 역량 강화가 필요하다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.434-445
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• 2015

In reading news stories online, people are exposed to others' comments to a news story. In spite of popularity of comments to a news story online, the understanding of why and who posts a comment is still lacking. To complement scarcity and have a better understanding of comment-posting online, this study examined psychological factors which affect the likelihood of posting a comment to a news story online. In particular, three variables were considered: The first variable was communication efficacy, that is, an individual's belief about communication practices and systems, under the supposition that the people who have greater levels of communication efficacy are more likely to post a comment. The second variable was perception of public opinion, to test that when and if people judge their position of the issue as favored by the majority, they tend to post a comment. And finally, the tone of existing comments was included, to test if the tone of comments affects the willingness to post a comment. The results showed that firstly, people at a high level of communication efficacy are more likely to post a comment compared to people at the low level of communication efficacy. Secondly, the perception of public opinion partly influenced the willingness to post a comment. Especially, when people believe communication systems contribute to develop society and also when judged that their opinion is the majority's opinion, they are more likely to post a comment. Finally, the tone of the comments influenced the willingness to post a comment only on the condition that people are confident of the communication practice and are exposed to emotional comments.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.75-92
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an integrated health promotion program provided by one community health post by comparing this program with more traditional health promotion programs provided by other institutions. Methods: The participants in this study were 110 selected local residents from I city. Of them, 55 residents participated in the integrated health promotion program in the community health post, and the other 55 participated in a program at another institution. SPSS 21.0 was used for descriptive analysis. Result: Scores for program effects, satisfaction level, quality of life related to health and depression were higher for the integrated health promotion program offered by the community health post compared to health promotion programs of the other institution. The differences were statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that the integrated health promotion program can be helpful for community health posts in being successful in future plans to meet the needs of residents. Use of this program will also contribute to the development of community health posts but sustained research efforts need to be channeled into these programs.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2015

The data are often missed and many errors of the data are generated in the input process for the post evaluation system on the construction projects, and the reliability of the data falls down much. Accordingly, the detailed analysis about missing and error of data was conducted to ensure reliability of the analysis results about post evaluation on the construction projects. As results in this study, a lot of input data were missed at the initial construction phase, and the data errors were found in the inaccuracy of reference reports, the lack of understanding about input data, and the failure of KRW unit.