• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2020

This research was performed to investigate the hypothesis that dietary mono-component protease (PRO) might improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of eighty-four pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire), 25.3 ± 2.16 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (7 replicates/treatment; 2 barrows and 2 gilts/replicate) in a randomized complete block design (block = sex). The dietary treatments were prepared as follows; (1) a positive control (PC) as a typical growing-finishing diet based on corn and soybean meal, (2) PC added with 0.015% of PRO (PCPRO), and (3) a negative control (NC) added with 0.015% of PRO (NCPRO). The NC had a lower concentration of crude protein (CP) compared with PC. The PRO was a commercial product that contained 75,000 protease units/g and derived from Nocardiopsis prasina produced in Bacillus licheniformis. Dietary treatments were offered to pigs during growing and finishing periods. Measurements were growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and carcass characteristics. The PCPRO and/or NCPRO increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during growing (p < 0.10), finishing (p < 0.05), and growing-finishing periods (p < 0.10) compared with PC. Furthermore, pigs fed PCPRO and NCPRO had higher (p < 0.05) ATTD of CP and energy during growing and/or finishing periods than those fed PC. In conclusion, the supplementation of PRO in diets improved growth performance and protein digestibility of growing-finishing pigs.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.309-314
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• 2015

Adsorption of brilliant blue FCF dye from aqueous solution using coconut shell based activated carbon was investigated. Batch experiments were carried out as function of adsorbent dose, initial concentration, contact time and temperature. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich model. The results indicate that Freundlich model provides the best correlation of the experimental data. Base on the estimated Freundlich constant (1/n=0.129~0.212), this process could be employed as effective treatment method. Adsorption kinetics experimental data were modeled using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. It was shown that pseudo-second-order kinetic equation could best describe the adsorption kinetics. Base on the negative Gibbs free energy value (-4.81~-10.33 kJ/mol) and positive enthalpy value (+78.59 kJ/mol) indicate that the adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic process.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.255-261
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• 2016

Adsorption experiments of Acid Yellow 14 dye using activated carbon were carried out as function of adsorbent dose, pH, initial concentration, contact time and temperature. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model. The experimental data were best represented by Freundlich isotherm model. Base on the estimated Freundlich constant (1/n=0.129~0.212) and Langmuir separation factor ($R_L=0.202{\sim}0.243$), this process could be employed as effective treatment method. The heat of adsorption of Temkin isotherm model was 5.101~9.164 J/mol indicated that the adsorption process followed a physical adsorption. Adsorption kinetics experimental data were modeled using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. It was shown that pseudo-second-order kinetic equation could best describe the adsorption kinetics. Base on the negative Gibbs free energy (-4.81~-10.33 kJ/mol) and positive enthalpy (+78.59 kJ/mol) indicate that the adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic process.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2016

The adsorption of Rhodamine-B dye using granular activated carbon from aqueous solution was investigated. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of the adsorbent dose, pH initial concentration, contact time and temperature. The equilibrium adsorption data showed a good fit to Langmuir isotherm model. Based on the estimated Langmuir separation factor ($R_L$ = 0.0164~0.0314), our adsorption process could be employed as an effective treatment method. The kinetics of adsorption followed the pseudo first order model. Also, the negative values of Gibbs free energy (-4.51~-13.44 kJ/mol) and positive enthalpy (128.97 kJ/mol) indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic process. The isosteric heat of adsorption increased with increase in the surface loading indicating lateral interactions between the adsorbed dye molecules.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.570-583
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• 2021

Pyrococcus furiosus α-amylase can hydrolyze α-1,4 linkages in starch and related carbohydrates under hyperthermophilic condition (~ 100℃), showing great potential in a wide range of industrial applications, while its relatively low productivity from heterologous hosts has limited the industrial applications. Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium, has been widely used in industrial production for its non-pathogenic and powerful secretory characteristics. This study was conducted to increase production of P. furiosus α-amylase in B. subtilis through three strategies. Initial experiments showed that co-expression of P. furiosus molecular chaperone peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase through genomic integration mode, using a CRISPR/Cas9 system, increased soluble amylase production. Therefore, considering that native P. furiosus α-amylase is produced within a hyperthermophilic environment and is highly thermostable, heat treatment of intact culture at 90℃ for 15 min was performed, thereby greatly increasing soluble amylase production. After optimization of the culture conditions (nitrogen source, carbon source, metal ion, temperature and pH), experiments in a 3-L fermenter yielded a soluble activity of 3,806.7 U/ml, which was 3.3- and 28.2-fold those of a control without heat treatment (1,155.1 U/ml) and an empty expression vector control (135.1 U/ml), respectively. This represents the highest P. furiosus α-amylase production reported to date and should promote innovation in the starch liquefaction process and related industrial productions. Meanwhile, heat treatment, which may promote folding of aggregated P. furiosus α-amylase into a soluble, active form through the transfer of kinetic energy, may be of general benefit when producing proteins from thermophilic archaea.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.589-601
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• 2018

This study explored the internal world through sandplay therapy for an elementary school boy who had social and emotional difficulties of poor peer relations, anxiety and withdrawal. This study examined the changing processes of sandboxes, how a boy expressed his internal world by the content themes in sandplay according to Turner (2009) based on analytical psychology and sandplay theories. There were 72 sessions. The initial phase was 1-6 (The beginning of war) expressing confusing wars as the start of a long internal journey. The intermediate phase was 7-55 (Struggle), dividing by phase I 7-18 (Hero's fight I), phase II 19-36 (Hero's fight II), phase III 37-48 (Seeking for a male identity), and phase IV 49-55 (Centering). The client identified himself as a teenaged hero and expressed the conflict between good and bad, between death and rebirth and struggled for seeking treasures in the fight of heroes. He found identity as a male by finding a sense of existence, establishing order in the middle of confusion, and expressing strong and rational masculinity. The final phase was 56-72 (The winner of the struggle). In the fights repeating, he expressed an adventurous and positive male energy such as racing, speed contests and a union in the opposites of hero and heroine as well as the birth of a new conscious. This study provides a basic knowledge of educational guidance in school and counseling fields by expanding the understanding of a boy's unconsciousness.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2001

Biological Treatment of Wastewater Containing Chlorinated Phenols by a Mixed Culture. Lee, Wan-Seok1, Sang-Wook Jung, Chan-Sun Park, Byung-Dae Yoon, Jang-Eok Kim\ and Hee-Mock Oh*. Environmental Bioresources Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Biosicence and Biotechnology, Taejon, Korea, 1 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyungpool< National University, Taegu, Korea - The biodegradation of chlorinated phenols in an artificial wastewater was investigated using a mixed culture. The mixed culture was composed of 8 microorganisms isolated from the soil contaminated with various chlorinated phenols. Pseudomonas sp. BM as a main constituent of a mixed culture was Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and rod-shaped, and did not grow at 41°C. It degraded 99% of initial 500 mg!1 of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the minimal salts medium as a sole source of carbon and energy within 3 days. The degradation efficiency of Pseu.domon.as sp. BM was not affected by the other organic carbon and nitrogen compounds. Pseudomonas sp. BM was able to grow in a broad range of pH 5 - 8, and degrade 2,000 mg/1 PCP. In the experiment with an artificial wastewater containing chlorinated phenols, the degradation efficiency of the mixed culture was the range of 73% (2,4-dichlorophenol) -96% (2-chlorophenol) during an incubation of 7 days. In a continuous culture experiment, the degradation efficiency of mixed culture plus activated sludge was about 2 times higher than that of the control containing only activated sludge. These results indicate that it is possible to apply the mixed culture to other wastewaters containing chlorinated phenols. Key words: Biodegradation, chlorinated phenols, pentachlorophenol, Pseudomonas sp. BM

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.480-485
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• 1989

Changes of color intensity and components during browning reaction of water extracts from white tail ginseng were investigated. Temperature dependence was described by the Arrhenius relationship with an activation energy of 16kcal/mole. Temperature sensitivities$(Q_{10}\;value)$ for water extracts of ginseng was 1.90 between $70^{\circ}C\;and\;80^{\circ}C$, 1.57 between $80^{\circ}C\;and\;90^{\circ}C$ and 1.46 between $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$. pH value of the solution treated at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ slightly increased with an increase in reaction time. Among ginseng saponins ginsenoside-Re was most unstable against heat-treatment, white diol group saponins were more stable against heat-treatment. Hydrogen donating activity (reducing activity for ${\alpha},\;{\alpha}'-diphenyl-{\beta}-picrylhydrazyl$) and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid(DNS) positive substances of browning reaction products increased in proportion to the length of browning reaction time and temperature, whereas folin positive substances decreased by heat-denaturation of ginseng protein at initial reaction time and then increased thereafter.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.182-189
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• 2021

The adsorption of disperse yellow 3 (DY 3) on granular activated carbon (GAC) was investigated for isothermal adsorption and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters by experimenting with initial concentration, contact time, temperature, and pH of the dye as adsorption parameters. In the pH change experiment, the adsorption percent of DY 3 on activated carbon was highest in the acidic region, pH 3 due to electrostatic attraction between the surface of the activated carbon with positive charge and the anion (OH^-) of DY 3. The adsorption equilibrium data of DY 3 fit the Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation best, and it was found that activated carbon can effectively remove DY 3 from the calculated separation factor (R_L). The heat of adsorption-related constant (B) from the Temkin equation did not exceed 20 J mol^-1, indicating that it is a physical adsorption process. The pseudo second order kinetic model fits well within 10.72% of the error percent in the kinetic experiments. The plots for Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model were divided into two straight lines. The intraparticle diffusion rate was slow because the slope of the stage 2 (intraparticle diffusion) was smaller than that of stage 1 (boundary layer diffusion). Therefore, it was confirmed that the intraparticle diffusion was rate controlling step. The free energy change of the DY 3 adsorption by activated carbon showed negative values at 298 ~ 318 K. As the temperature increased, the spontaneity increased. The enthalpy change of the adsorption reaction of DY 3 by activated carbon was 0.65 kJ mol^-1, which was an endothermic reaction, and the entropy change was 2.14 J mol^-1 K^-1.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2020

The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of Acid Red 66, adsorbed by granular activated carbon, were investigated on areas of initial concentration, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption equilibrium data were applied to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, and Temkin isotherms. The agreement was found to be the highest in the Freundlich model. From the determined Freundlich separation factor (1/n = 0.125 ~ 0.232), the adsorption of Acid Red 66 by granular activated carbon could be employed as an effective treatment method. Temkin's constant related to adsorption heat (B_T = 2.147 ~ 2.562 J mol^-1) showed that this process was physical adsorption. From kinetic experiments, the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second order model with good agreement. The results of the intraparticle diffusion equation showed that the inclination of the second straight line representing the intraparticle diffusion was smaller than that of the first straight line representing the boundary layer diffusion. Therefore, it was confirmed that intraparticle diffusion was the rate-controlling step. From thermodynamic experiments, the activation energy was determined as 35.23 kJ mol^-1, indicating that the adsorption of Acid Red 66 was physical adsorption. The negative Gibbs free energy change (ΔG = -0.548 ~ -7.802 kJ mol^-1) and the positive enthalpy change (ΔH = +109.112 kJ mol^-1) indicated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process, respectively. The isosteric heat of adsorption increased with the increase of surface loading, indicating lateral interactions between the adsorbed dye molecules.