• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to detect and compare the presence of periodontopathogens in the subgingival plaques of gingivitis lesions in adults who wore fixed orthodontic appliances, as opposed to adults who did not wear any orthodontic appliances. Thirty-six individuals participated in this study. Ninteen of these subjects did not wear any orthodontic appliances, and these subjects comprised the control group. The other 17 individuals had been wearing fixed orthodontic appliances for at least 3 months each. After a periodontal examination, we collected subgingival plaque samples from the gingivitis lesions of each patient. Using PCR based on 168 rDNA, we detected the presence of 6 putative periodontopathogenic species, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia (formerly Bacteroides forsythus), Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. With regard to the presence of individual periodontopathogens, we found that T. forsythia, T. denticola, and P. nigrescens were significantly more common in the samples obtained from the orthodontic patients than in the samples obtained from the non-orthodontic patient controls. Our results indicate that the local changes associated with the wearing of fixed orthodontic appliances may affect the prevalence of periodontopathogens in subgingival dental plaques.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2002

Zea Mays L. has been known to be effective for improving tissue health and Magnoliae cortex to have effective antibacterial and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microbes. The purpose of this study was to examine the antimicrobial effects of Zea Mays L. and Magnoliae cortex extract mixtures on periodontal pathogens(Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans )and to examine the effects on human gingival fibroblast cellular activity. Zea Mays L. and Magnoliae cortex extracts and their mixtures were prepared with various mixing ratios (0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, 2:1). These extracts were loaded to periodontal pathogen cultured petri dish for antimicrobial test and also loaded to cultured human gingival fibroblast for cellular activity test. Each test was repeated 3 times and data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with 95% confidence level. Mixture of these two extracts showed greater amount of inhibition area on periodontal pathogen and more improved gingival fibroblast activity as Zea Mays L. ratio reduced. So, mixture ratio 0.5:1 (Zea Mays L. : Magnoliae cortex) group showed statistical significance in antimicrobial activity and cellular activity among various mixtures(p < 0.05). In conclusion, 0.5:1 (Zea Mays L. : Magnoliae cortex) mixture possessed best gingival fibroblast cellular activity and antimicrobial activity toward periodontal pathogens.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Crassirhzimae rhizoma and its possible use as an oral antiseptics for prevention of periodontitis. Its antibacterial activity against periodontopathic microorganisms including Actinobacillus actiomycetem - comitans, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatumwas evaluated via modified stab culture method. The cytotoxicity against gingival fibroblasts and rat osteoblasts was investigated via [$^3H$]thymidine incorporation and cellular activity was investigated via MTT assay. Chlorhexidine was used as control group. Crassirhizomae rhizoma was prepared at concentrations of 0.2, 0.15, 0.1, 0.05%. Chlorhexidine was also prepared at the same concentration. Crassirhizomae rhizoma showed lower antimicrobial antivity against these microorganism than chlorhexidine, but this difference was not significant. And, Crassirhzomae rhizoma showed more cellular activity and less cytotoxicity than chlorhexidine on human gingival fibrablast and rat osteoblast. This study suggests that Crassirhzomae rhizoma might be a candidate for a safe oral antiseptic for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.401-411
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) of cefixime, which is a 3rd generation of cefalosporin, against 6 species of putative periodontopathogens; Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The efficacy of cefixime was examined by comparing it with that of several antibiotics(amoxicillin, $Augmentin^{(R)}$ ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline), which were used as the control. The MIC was measured using a microdilution method. The MIC of cefixime against the putative periodotopathogens, as a single use regimen, was relatively lower than that of the other antibiotics. The MIC of cefixime/metronidazole against P. intermedia ChDC KB14, P. nigrescens ChDC KB50, F. nucleatum ChDC PV-F37, F. nucleatum ChDC F130, and F. nucleatum ChDC F175, as a simultaneous regimen, was lower than that of the other antibiotics. The concentration of cefixime in the crevicular fluid of volunteers who received 250mg every 12 hours for 3 days was $9{\mu}g/ml$ after 9 hours. In conclusion, cefixime showed good antimicrobial activity in a single treatment or as a combined therapy with amoxicillin, $Augmentin^{(R)}$ or metronidazole against 6 periodontopathogens.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2009

Purpose: Tetracycline and its chemically modified non-antibacterial analogues can inhibit certain host-derived tissue destructive collagenases such as matrix metalloproteinases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and microbiologic effects of the subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline(SDD) in conjunction with scaling and root planing. Materials and methods: A total of 30 patients with chronic periodontitis who were going to receive scaling and root planing were randomly allocated to receive either a doxycycline hyclate for 3 months or nothing. Clinical probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, and bleeding on probing were measured by one periodontist. After a periodontal examination, microbial samples were collected using sterile paper points. The effect of SDD in conjunction with scaling and root planing on alterations of the periodontal pathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis) were also assessed using l6S rRNA polymerase chain reaction. Results: During the treatment period, clinical parameters for both treatment group and control group were improved. After 3 months, reductions in probing depth and gains in clinical attachment level were significantly greater for the SDD group than control group. Microbial analysis showed that there was no alteration of the periodontal pathogens and no difference between the groups. Conclusion: This study suggested that the subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline as an adjunct therapy with scaling and root planing might be effective and safe in the management of chronic periodontitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.316-328
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the prevalence and abundance of 9 representative periodontal pathogens in the saliva samples of periodontally healthy subjects (PH) and patients with periodontitis who underwent supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). The age-specific distribution of these pathogens in periodontally healthy individuals was also analyzed. Methods: One hundred subjects (aged >35 years) were recruited (50 each in the PH and SPT groups) between August 2016 and April 2019. The prevalence and abundance of periodontal pathogens in the PH group were compared with those in periodontally healthy young subjects (94 subjects; aged <35 years), who were included in our previous study. DNA copy numbers of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (Pa), and Eikenella corrodens (Ec) were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The detection frequencies of all pathogens, except Aa, were high in the PH and SPT groups. The ranking order of pathogen DNA copy numbers was similar in both groups. In both groups, Fn had the highest abundance, Aa had the lowest abundance. Additionally, Td was significantly more abundant in men than in women in both groups (P<0.05). Compared with the PH group, the SPT group exhibited significantly lower total bacteria and Fn abundance and higher Pg abundance (P<0.05). The age-specific pathogen distribution analysis revealed a significantly low Aa abundance and high Tf and Cr abundance in the PH group. Conclusions: The clinical parameters and microbial profiles were similar between the SPT and PH groups. However, patients with periodontitis require supportive care to prevent recurrence. As the abundance of some bacteria varied with age, future studies must elucidate the correlation between age-related physiological changes and periodontal bacterial composition.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.358-367
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and validity of subgingival bacterial sampling using a retraction cord, and to evaluate how well this sampling method reflected changes in periodontal conditions after periodontal therapy. Methods: Based on clinical examinations, 87 subjects were divided into a healthy group (n=40) and a periodontitis group (n=47). Clinical measurements were obtained from all subjects including periodontal probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and the plaque index. Saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) as a subgingival bacterial sample were sampled before and 3 months after periodontal therapy. The salivary and subgingival bacterial samples were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to quantify the following 11 periodontal pathogens: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythus (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Pavimonas micra (Pm), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), Eikenella corrodens (Ec), and Eubacterium nodatum (En). Results: Non-surgical periodontal therapy resulted in significant decreases in PD (P<0.01), CAL (P<0.01), and BOP (P<0.05) after 3 months. Four species (Pg, Tf, Pi, and Pm) were significantly more abundant in both types of samples in the periodontitis group than in the healthy group. After periodontal therapy, Cr was the only bacterium that showed a statistically significant decrease in saliva, whereas statistically significant decreases in Cr, Pg, and Pn were found in GCF. Conclusions: Salivary and subgingival bacterial sampling with a gingival retraction cord were found to be equivalent in terms of their accuracy for differentiating periodontitis, but GCF reflected changes in bacterial abundance after periodontal therapy more sensitively than saliva.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.315-326
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• 2019

본 연구는 프로바이오틱스의 특성과 관련 연구에 대한 종설이다. 프로바이오틱스는 면역질환 개선 효과, 유당불내증 완화 효과, 변비 및 설사 개선 효과, 항암 및 항종양 효과, 심혈관계 질환 예방 효과, 항당뇨 효과, 항산화 효과, 항균효과, 유용 대사산물의 생산 등의 기능성을 입증하였다. 구강 프로바이오틱스는 젖산을 생성하여 충치의 원인이 되는 뮤탄스균과 잇몸 질환을 일으키는 진지발리스균을 비롯한 유해균이 서식하기 어려운 환경을 만들어 구강 생태계 조성과 구취 제거에 효과적이라는 연구가 입증되었다. 그 결과 질환 완화는 물론 건강한 구강 밸런스를 관리하는 예방법으로 주목받고 있다. 일부 제한점에도 불구하고 현재 유용한 임상연구가 진행되고 있으며, 본 연구는 치아우식증과 치주염, 칸디다의 집락화 등 구강상태를 개선하기 위한 프로바이오틱스의 근거가 될 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.204-210
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• 2020

Excessive intake of sodium caused by high salt diet promotes the expression of inflammatory cytokines and differentiation of helper T cells resulting in inflammatory responses. High-glucose diet also contributes to the pathogenesis of periodontitis by inducing changes in the oral microbiome and reducing salivation. However, the effect of a high-salt and glucose diet (HSGD) on the prognosis of periodontitis remains unclear. In this study, a rat model of experimental periodontitis was established by periodic insertion of absorbable sutures containing Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum strains into the right gingival sulcus to analyze the effect of HSGD on the incidence and progression of periodontitis. The alveolar bone heights (ABH) was measured with microcomputed tomography imaging of the HSGD- and general diet (GD)-treated groups. The right ABH was significantly decreased compared to the left in both groups at 4 weeks after induction of inflammation; however, no significant difference was noted between the groups. Notably, the ABH in the HSGD-treated group was significantly decreased at 8 weeks after induction of inflammation, whereas in the GD-treated group, an increase in the ABH was observed; a significant difference of the ABH was noted between the two groups (p < 0.05). At 12 weeks, recovery of the alveolar bone was observed in both groups, with no significant differences in ABH between the two groups. These findings indicate that the intake of excessive sodium attenuates the recovery rate of the alveolar bone even after the local infectant is removed. In addition, this study demonstrates the use of HSGD in establishing a new animal model of periodontitis.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2022

Background: Obesity weakens acquired immunity and causes infection. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the inflammatory markers in the gingival crevicular fluid and serum and periodontal bacteria in saliva through obesity control for 4 weeks. Methods: Forty-six subjects with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥23 kg/m² stayed in the camp for 4 weeks, followed by exercise and a low salt-low fat diet. Body size measurements, oral examinations, blood, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid were collected before and after the program. C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, MMP-9, and interleukin (IL)-1β in the gingival sulcus fluid were measured. After extracting bacterial genomic DNA from saliva, the presence of periodontal bacteria were detected using Taq probe. The relationship of each index before and after the program was analyzed through paired t-test and partial correlation analysis. Results: Campylobacter rectus (Cr) increased after the program, and there was no significant change in other bacteria. Serum CRP and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cr, ratio of Fn, and ratio of Cr had a positive relationship at baseline; however, the relationship was not significant after the program. Ratio of Prevotella intermedia had a positive relationship with MMP-9, MMP-8, IL-1β at baseline. Moreover, the ratio of Treponema denticola and the ratio of Tannerella forsythia showed a positive relationship with MMP-8, MMP-9, and IL-1β. The relationship between the ratio of Porphyromonas gingivalis and IL-1β showed a constant positive relationship at baseline and after the program. Conclusion: Obesity control program in subjects with a BMI of ≥23 kg/m² accompanied by diet and exercise did not affect the changes in periodontal bacteria itself, but changes in the relationship between periodontal bacteria and serum CRP, the relationship between the inflammatory index in the gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal bacteria was observed.