• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2003

본 연구는 돼지의 성별에 따른 거세와 난소 적출이 체성장과 사료 이용성, 혈중 호르몬 농도에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 축산기술연구소에서 계통 조성중인 35일령의 돼지 48두를 이용하여 실시하였으며, 얻어진 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 체성장 및 사료 이용성 산육능력에 있어서 암퇘지 난소 적출구의 일당증체량은 898.6 g으로 대조구의 862.7 g보다 높게 나타났으나 유의차는 없었고, 수퇘지 거세구의 일당증체 량은 926.0 g으로 대조구의 945.5 g 보다 약간 낮았으며, 유의차는 없었으나, 수퇘지 대조구는 암퇘지군 보다 일당증체량이 높게 나타났다. 사료요구율은 수퇘지 대조구가 2.51로 가장 낮게 나타났으며 암퇘지군에 비해 유의하게 낮았으나 거세구와의 유의차는 없었으며, 난소 적출구와 대조구와는 차이가 없었다. 등지방 두께는 수퇘지 대조구가 1.65 cm로 가장 낮게 나타났고, 암퇘지군과 유의차는 없었으며, 각각의 대조구가 시험구에 비해 유의하게 낮게 나타났다. 2. 혈중 호르몬 변화 혈중호르몬 변화에 있어서 IGF-I 농도는 암퇘지군 대조구에서는 5주령의 45.1$\pm$0.72ng/m1에서 15주령의 356.3$\pm$3.05ng/ml까지 점차적으로 높은 경향을 나타내었으나, 그 이후부터 23주령까지 일정한 수준으로 유지되었다. 수퇘지 군에서도 혈중 IGF-I 농도 변화는 암퇘지와 비슷한 경향을 보였으나 전구간에서 암퇘지 군에 비해 수쾌지 군이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 한편, 거세 및 난소 적출구의 경우에는 각각의 대조구에 비해 다소 낮은 경 향치를 나타내었다. 혈중 스테로이드 호르몬 변화에 있어서 대조구 암퇘지의 혈중 estradiol-l7$\beta$ 농도는 5주령에서는 극히 낮은 수준이었으나, 그 이후 11주령의 21.8$\pm$1.61pg/ml에서 23주령까지 점차 증가되었다. 또한 대조구의 혈중 progesterone 농도는 5주령에 비해 11주령 이후부터 다소 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 반면에 난소적출된 암퇘지에 있어서는 estradiol-17$\beta$와 progesterone 농도는 거의 검출한계 이하로 나타났다. 한편, 수퇘지의 testosterone 농도는 대조구의 5주령에서는 0.28$\pm$0.17ng/ml로 낮은 수준이었으나 11주령에서는 4.63$\pm$0.78ng/ml로 증가되었으며 그 후 23주령까지 유의적으로 증가되었다. 이에 반해 거세돼지의 경우에는 23주령까지 전혀 검출이 되지 않아 거세돼지의 경우 혈중 testosterone은 거의분비가 되지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1653-1663
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• 2016

Meat quality is a complex trait influenced by many factors, including genetics, nutrition, feeding environment, animal handling, and their interactions. To elucidate relevant factors affecting pork quality associated with oxidative stress and muscle development, we analyzed protein expression in high quality longissimus dorsi muscles (HQLD) and low quality longissimus dorsi muscles (LQLD) from Duroc pigs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic analysis. Between HQLD (n = 20) and LQLD (n = 20) Duroc pigs, 24 differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. A total of 10 and 14 proteins were highly expressed in HQLD and LQLD, respectively. The 24 proteins have putative functions in the following seven categories: catalytic activity (31%), ATPase activity (19%), oxidoreductase activity (13%), cytoskeletal protein binding (13%), actin binding (12%), calcium ion binding (6%), and structural constituent of muscle (6%). Silver-stained image analysis revealed significant differential expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) between HQLD and LQLD Duroc pigs. LDHA was subjected to in vitro study of myogenesis under oxidative stress conditions and LDH activity assay to verification its role in oxidative stress. No significant difference of mRNA expression level of LDHA was found between normal and oxidative stress condition. However, LDH activity was significantly higher under oxidative stress condition than at normal condition using in vitro model of myogenesis. The highly expressed LDHA was positively correlated with LQLD. Moreover, LDHA activity increased by oxidative stress was reduced by antioxidant resveratrol. This paper emphasizes the importance of differential expression patterns of proteins and their interaction for the development of meat quality traits. Our proteome data provides valuable information on important factors which might aid in the regulation of muscle development and the improvement of meat quality in longissimus dorsi muscles of Duroc pigs under oxidative stress conditions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 Landrace, Large White와 Duroc 3품종의 3원 교잡 시스템으로 비육돈을 생산하는 9개 농가를 대상으로 Landrace와 Large White 교배를 통해 생산된 $F_1$ 모돈과 Duroc 웅돈 그리고 비육돈을 이용하여 기 보고한 바 있는 돼지 이력추적 및 브랜드육 식별을 위한 13종의 MS marker의 개체판별능과 혈연관계 추정 효율을 실증하였다. 우선 $F_1$ 모돈과 웅돈 즉 부모 집단을 대상으로 API-CALC version 1.0 프로그램을 이용하여 무작위 교배집단, 반형매 교배집단 그리고 전형매 교배집단으로 가정시 개체 판별능이 각 각 $4.94{\times}10^{-34}$, $8.16{\times}10^{-23}$ 그리고 $2.01{\times}10^{-08}$으로 추정되었으며, 비육돈을 포함한 추정치는 $3.74{\times}10^{-35}$, $5.48{\times}10^{-25}$ 그리고 $2.96{\times}10^{-11}$으로 추정되었다. 또한 Cervus version 2.0을 이용하여 친자감별률을 추정한 결과 100% 인 것으로 추정되었다. 이론적으로 산출된 상기의 수치들을 검증하기 위해 PAPA version 2.0 프로그램을 이용하여 비육돈 전체 452두에 대한 친자감별을 실시한 결과 100% 친부모를 확인 할 수 있었으며, Cervus 프로그램을 이용하여 전체 축군에서 동일한 대립유전자형을 가진 개체의 출현을 조사한 결과 동일개체는 존재하지 않는 것을 확인하였다. 비록 개체 판별능에 대한 실증은 제시한 이론적 판별능에 상응하는 두수를 검증하지는 못하였으나, 친자확인의 경우는 제시한 이론적 효율성 100%는 실증적으로 검증되었다. 따라서 현재 국내에서 행해지는 3 품종 교잡에 의한 비육돈 생산 시스템의 경우 본 연구의 결과로 비추어 볼 때 13 MS marker를 이용하여 체계화된 전산정보와 병행하여 계열화된 생산체계하의 브랜드 단위 또는 지역별 권역으로 구분하는 이력추적이 충분히 가능하다고 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.399-404
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• 2004

본 연구는 공시균인 Aspergillus terreus와 유산균을 이용하여 혈중 및 고기내 콜레스테롤이 저하된 육류 개발을 목표로 하였다. 따라서 거세돈 60두를 60일간 및 육계는 6주간을 공시하여 대조구는 일반 시판사료만 급여하였고, T1구는 Aspergillu terreus 배양체, T2구는 시판중인 EM-pro 배양체(Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis와 Saccharmyces cervisiae의 3종 혼합배양물)를 각각 0.2%씩 첨가급여한 결과는 다음과 같다. 돼지고기내의 스테아린산은 T1구와 T2구가 높았으나, 올레인산은 대조구와 T1구가 높았다(p<0.05). 또한 닭고기의 스테아린산은 대조구가 높았으나, 올레인산은 T1구와 T2가 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 혈액 중 돼지고기의 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL-cholesterol 함량은 T1구(63.77mg, 111.19mg)가 대조구(101.69mg, 132.37mg)보다 크게 낮아 통계적인 유의차를 보였고(p<0.05), 육계의 경우는 T1구(78.50mg, 143.61mg)가 대조구(119.26mg, 240.43mg)보다 크게 낮았다(p<0.05). 돼지고기의 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL-cholesterol 함량은 T1구(78.53mg, 117.64mg)가 대조구(140.5mg, 150.55mg)보다 크게 낮아 유의차를 나타내었고(p<0.05). 육계의 경우는 T1구 (93.35mg, 72.03mg)가 대조구(111.90mg, 116.88mg)보다 크게 낮았다.(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, Aspergillus terreus 처리한 T1구가 돼지와 육계의 혈액 및 고기내에서 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL-cholesterol 함량이 크게 낮아졌다. 따라서 Aspergillus terreus 배양체가 체내의 콜레스테롤 합성에 상당히 영향을 미친것으로 판단되며, 향후 저 콜레스테롤 고기 생산의 가능성을 보여주었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2008

본 연구는 축산물 유래 L. monocytogenes에 대한 역학적 연구로서 분리균의 hemolysin(LLO) 및 lecithinase(LCP)생산성, Congo red dye(CRA)흡수성 및 hemolysin activity를 조사하는 한편 inlA, inlBV, actA, hlyA, plcA 및 plcB의 virulence gene을 PCR법으로 분석하였다. LLO, LCP 및 CRA의 양성률은 L. monocytogenes의 경우 68균주 중 각각 100%, 94.1% 및 77.9%이었고, L. ivanovii와 L. seeligeri를 제외한 다른 Listeria spp.(L. innocua, L. gray, L. murrayi, L. welchimeri)는 음성이었다. LLO와 LCP간에는 통계적인 유의성은 없었으나 CRA는 약간 낮게 나타났으며(p<0.05), serotype 1/2b 및 4b 간에도 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 면양적혈구에 대한 용혈성(MHU)에서 L. monocytogenes의 경우 2배에서 16배까지 다양한 반응을 보였으나 L. ivanovii와 L. seeligeri를 제외한 다른 Listeria spp.는 음성이었다. hemolysin activity(HU)는 L. monocytogenes의 경우 대부분의 균주가 1.0 HU/mg 이상이었으나 다른 Listeria spp.는 대부분 0.04 HU/mg 이하였다. PCR 증폭하여 virulence gene을 분석한 결과 모든 L. monocytogenes는 각기 예상한 크기의 PCR 증폭산물이 검출되어 hlyA, plcA, plcB, inlA 및 inlB gene을 보유하고 있음이 확인되었으나 다른 Listeria spp.는 어떠한 증폭산물도 보이지 않았다. 또한 actA gene에 대한 증폭산물은 385bp와 268bp 크기의 2종류로 각각 57.4%와 42.6%의 분포를 나타내었다. actA gene의 size 분포에서 국내산 쇠고기, 닭고기, 유가공장에서는 큰 size가 많았는데 반하여 미국산 수입쇠고기에서는 작은 size가 많은 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.739-746
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• 2016

A total of 152 pig farms were randomly selected from the five provinces in South Korea. During the experiment, the average temperature and relative humidity was $24.7^{\circ}C$ and 74% in summer and $2.4^{\circ}C$ and 53% in winter, respectively. The correlation between floor space allowance (FSA) and productivity index was analyzed, including non-productive sow days (NPD), number of weaners (NOW), survival rate (SR), appearance rate of A-grade pork (ARA), and days at a slaughter weight of 110 kg (d-SW) at different growth stages. The objectives of the present study were i) to determine the effect of FSA on the pig productivity index and ii) to suggest the minimum FSA for pigs based on scientific baseline data. For the pregnant sow, NPD could be decreased if pregnant sows were raised with a medium level (M) of FSA (3.10 to $3.67m^2/head$) while also keeping the pig house clean which improves hygiene, and operating the ventilation system properly. For the farrowing sows, the NOW tended to decrease as the FSA increased. Similarly, a high level of FSA (H) is significantly negative with weaner SR of farrowing sows (p-value = 0.017), indicating this FSA tends to depress SR. Therefore, a FSA of 2.30 to $6.40m^2/head$ (very low) could be appropriate for weaners because a limited space can provide a sense of security and protection from external interruptions. The opposite trend was observed that an increase in floor space (> $1.12m^2/head$ leads to increase the SR of growing pigs. For the fattening pigs, H level of FSA was negatively correlated with SR, but M level of FSA was positively correlated with SR, indicating that SR tended to increase with the FSA of 1.10 to $1.27m^2/head$. In contrast, ARA of male fattening pigs showed opposite results. H level of FSA (1.27 to $1.47m^2/head$) was suggested to increase productivity because ARA was most affected by H level of space allowance with positive correlation ($R^2=0.523$). The relationship between the FSA and d-SW of fattening pigs was hard to identify because of the low $R^2$ value. However, the farms that provided a relatively large floor space (1.27 to $1.54m^2/head$) during the winter period showed d-SW was significantly and negatively affected by FSA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.696-704
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate various levels of milk by-product in weaning pig diet on growth performance, blood profiles, carcass characteristics and economic performance for weaning to finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 160 weaning pigs ([Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace]${\times}$Duroc), average $7.01{\pm}1.32kg$ body weight (BW), were allotted to four treatments by BW and sex in 10 replications with 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with various levels of milk by-product (Phase 1: 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, Phase 2: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). During weaning period (0 to 5 week), weaning pigs were fed experimental diets and all pigs were fed the same commercial feed during growing-finishing period (6 to 14 week). Results: In the growth trial, BW, average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the nursery period (5 weeks) increased as the milk by-product level in the diet increased (linear, p<0.05). Linear increases of pig BW with increasing the milk product levels were observed until late growing period (linear, p = 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in BW at the finishing periods, ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed ratio during the entire growing-finishing periods. The blood urea nitrogen concentration had no significant difference among dietary treatments. High inclusion level of milk by-product in weaner diet decreased crude protein (quadratic, p = 0.05) and crude ash (Linear, p = 0.05) of Longissimus muscle. In addition, cooking loss and water holding capacity increased with increasing milk product levels in the weaner diets (linear, p<0.01; p = 0.05). High milk by-product treatment had higher feed cost per weight gain compared to non-milk by-products treatment (linear, p = 0.01). Conclusion: Supplementation of 10% to 5% milk by-products in weaning pig diet had results equivalent to the 30% to 15% milk treatment and 0% milk by-product supplementation in the diet had no negative influence on growth performance of finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1540-1547
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• 2014

The accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) was evaluated for sixteen meat quality traits in a Berkshire population (n = 1,191) that was collected from Dasan breeding farm, Namwon, Korea. The animals were genotyped with the Illumina porcine 62 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) bead chips, in which a set of 36,605 SNPs were available after quality control tests. Two methods were applied to evaluate GEBV accuracies, i.e. genome based linear unbiased prediction method (GBLUP) and Bayes B, using ASREML 3.0 and Gensel 4.0 software, respectively. The traits composed different sets of training (both genotypes and phenotypes) and testing (genotypes only) data. Under the GBLUP model, the GEBV accuracies for the training data ranged from $0.42{\pm}0.08$ for collagen to $0.75{\pm}0.02$ for water holding capacity with an average of $0.65{\pm}0.04$ across all the traits. Under the Bayes B model, the GEBV accuracy ranged from $0.10{\pm}0.14$ for National Pork Producers Council (NPCC) marbling score to $0.76{\pm}0.04$ for drip loss, with an average of $0.49{\pm}0.10$. For the testing samples, the GEBV accuracy had an average of $0.46{\pm}0.10$ under the GBLUP model, ranging from $0.20{\pm}0.18$ for protein to $0.65{\pm}0.06$ for drip loss. Under the Bayes B model, the GEBV accuracy ranged from $0.04{\pm}0.09$ for NPCC marbling score to $0.72{\pm}0.05$ for drip loss with an average of $0.38{\pm}0.13$. The GEBV accuracy increased with the size of the training data and heritability. In general, the GEBV accuracies under the Bayes B model were lower than under the GBLUP model, especially when the training sample size was small. Our results suggest that a much greater training sample size is needed to get better GEBV accuracies for the testing samples.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1759-1767
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• 2012

This study was performed to determine the effects of dietary fat sources, i.e., beef tallow, soybean oil, olive oil and coconut oil (each 3% in feed), on the growth performance, meat quality and gene expression in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 72 crossbred pigs (Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Duroc) were used at $71{\pm}1$ kg body weight (about 130 d of age) in 24 pens ($320{\times}150$ cm) in a confined pig house (three pigs per pen) with six replicate pens per treatment. The growing diet was given for periods of $14{\pm}3$ d and the finishing diet was given for periods of $28{\pm}3$ d. The fat type had no significant effect either on growth performance or on chemical composition or on meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. Dietary fat type affected fatty acid composition, with higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the olive oil group. Microarray analysis in the Longissimus dorsi identified 6 genes, related to insulin signaling pathway, that were differentially expressed among the different feed groups. Real time-PCR was conducted on the six genes in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LM). In particular, the genes encoding the protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory, type II, alpha (PRKAR2A) and the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1, beta isoform (PPP1CB) showed the highest expression level in the olive oil group (respectively, p<0.05, p<0.001). The results of this study indicate that the type of dietary fat affects fatty acid composition and insulin signaling-related gene expression in the LM of pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.1021-1029
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• 2013

To investigate the effect of dietary chromium (Cr) as Cr methionine (CrMet) on growth performance, carcass traits, pork quality, meat colour and expression of meat colour-related genes in growing-finishing pigs, 189 crossbred Duroc${\times}$(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) growing-finishing pigs (male, castrated, average initial BW $74.58{\pm}1.52$ kg) were selected and randomly allocated into four groups. Dietary treatments per kg of feed were as follows: 0 (CT), 0.3 mg/kg (T1), 0.6 mg/kg (T2) and 0.9 mg/kg (T3) Cr (in the form of CrMet; as-fed basis), and each treatment was replicated five times with 8 to 10 pigs per replicate pen. During the 28 d of the experiment, both the ADG and the ADFI increased linearly (p<0.05) as the level of dietary Cr increased. The F/G ratio decreased linearly (p<0.05). As dietary Cr increased, loin muscle areas (linear, p = 0.013) and average backfat thickness (linear, p = 0.072) decreased. Shear force (linear, p = 0.070) and Commission Internationale de I'$\acute{E}$clairage (CIE) redness (quadratic, p = 0.028) were increased. In addition, CIE Lightness (quadratic, p = 0.053) were decreased as dietary Cr increased. As dietary Cr increased, total myglobin (Mb) content (quadratic, p = 0.015) and the mb mRNA levels (quadratic, p = 0.046) in longissimus muscles of pigs were up-regulated. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary Cr improved growth and meat colour, but increased shear force and decreased IMF reduced palatability of longissimus muscles. Moreover, the increasing total Mb content and mb mRNA levels indicated that CrMet dietary supplementation may improve meat colour via up-regulating expression of the mb gene.