• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1156-1166
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• 2023

Objective: Pork belly is a cut of meat with high worldwide demand. However, although the belly is comprised of multiple muscles and fat, unlike the loin muscle, research on their genetic parameters has yet to focus on a representative cut. To use swine breeding, it is necessary to estimate heritability against pork belly traits. Moreover, estimating genetic correlations is needed to identify genetic relationship among the traditional carcass and meat quality traits. This study sought to estimate the heritability of the carcass, belly, and their component traits, as well as the genetic correlations among them, to confirm whether these traits can be improved. Methods: A total of 543 Yorkshire pigs (406 castrated males and 137 females) from 49 sires and 244 dam were used in this study. To estimate genetic parameters, a total of 12 traits such as lean meat production ability, meat quality and pork belly traits were chosen. The heritabilities were estimated by using genome-wide efficient mixed model association software. The statistical model was selected so that farm, carcass weight, sex, and slaughter season were fixed effects. In addition, its genetic parameters were calculated via MTG2 software. Results: The heritability estimates for the 7th belly slice along the whole plate and its components were low to moderate (0.07±0.07 to 0.33±0.07). Moreover, the genetic correlations among the carcass and belly traits were moderate to high (0.28±0.20 to 0.99±0.31). Particularly, the rectus abdominis muscle exhibited a high absolute genetic correlation with the belly and meat quality (0.73±52 to 0.93±0.43). Conclusion: A moderate to high correlation coefficient was obtained based on the genetic parameters. The belly could be genetically improved to contain a larger proportion of muscle regardless of lean meat production ability.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.145-150
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• 2002

본 연구는 돼지사료내 활성탄 첨가 급여가 돈육의 품질에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 등심과 삼겹부위를 이용하여 일반성분, 조직적 특성, 관능적 특성 및 지방산을 분석하였다. 분석결과 활성탄 첨가급여로 인해 일반성분, pH, 가열감량에 있어서는 별다른 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 육의 기호성과 조직적 특성에는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 특히 경도의 경우 활성탄 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 지방산 분석결과, 등심부위의 palmitic acid 함량은 대조구가 활성탄 첨가급여구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 반면, oleic acid, linoleic acid 및 linolenic acid 함량은 활성탄 첨가급여구가 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높게 나타났다. 삼겹부위에서는 대조구가 활성탄 첨가급여구에 비해 stearic acid 함량이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 돼지사료내 활성탄을 첨가함으로써 돈육의 품질에 미치는 효과는 미미했으나, 지방산 조성에 있어서는 불포화 지방산의 함량이 증가하는 것으로 보아, 이에 대한 명확한 연구를 위해서는 조사두수의 확대와 급여수준에 대한 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2000

A total of 290 pork loins were selected to include a wide variation of quality to investigate the quality categories into which most pork falls, selection criteria for these categories and methods to objectively assess ultimate pork quality. They were probed at 24 h postmortem (PM) for the following: A) light reflectance by Danish Meat Quality Marbling (MQM), Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP) and Sensoptic Invasive Probe (SIP); B) electrical properties by NWK LT-K21 conductivity (NLT) and Sensoptic Resistance Probe (SRP): and C) pH by NWK pH-K21 (NpH). Also, measurements of % drip loss (PDL) and filter paper wetness (FPW), color brightness (L*), ultimate pH (pHu), lipid content, subjective color (SC), firmness/wetness (SF) and marbling scores (SM) were assessed. Each loin was categorized as either pale, soft and exudative (PSE), reddish-pink, soft and exudative (RSE), reddish-pink, firm and non-exudative (RFN) or dark, firm and dry (DFD). Statistically comparing coefficients of determination (CD), the results indicated that overall, the HGP predicted quality groups slightly better than MQM (CD=71 and 62% respectively), NpH and SRP were less effective (CD= 56 and 44% respectively), and SIP and NLT had the lowest values (CD=36 and 5% respectively). Combining various independent variable did not greatly improve the variation accounted for. When the data was sorted into marbling groups based on lipid content, this was not accurately predicted by any of the probe measurements. The MQM probe remained the best predictor for marbling class and accounted for about 25% of the lipid content variation. This was slightly improved to 33% when pHu was combined with MQM.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.705-711
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• 1999

사후경직이 끝난 돈육의 이화학적 특성에 대한 감마선 조사의 영향을 알아보기 위하여 돈육 등심을 진공 및 함기포장한 후 1, 3, 5 및 10 kGy 선량의 감마선을 조사하였다. 감마선 조사 후 냉장$(4^{\circ}C)$ 상태에서 저장하는 동안 Hunter 색도 및 육색소 함량의 변화, 육단백질 용해성, 수분손실, 전기영동적 변화 및 전단력 변화를 측정하였다. 감마선 조사가 돈육의 수분손실과 전기영동적 단백질 형태에는 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았고(p>0.05), 감마선 조사선량에 의존하며 L값과 a값의 유의적 증가가 관측되었으며, 저장 기간이 경과하여도 선홍색을 유지하였다. 감마선 조사된 돈육 등심의 단백질 용해성은 조사선량에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났고 전단력은 감소하였다. 그러나 포장방법에 따른 유의적 차이는 없었다. 5 kGy 선량 내외의 감마선 조사는 돈육 등심의 이화학적 특성에 큰 영향을 주지 않으면서 육색이나 조직 연화 등 품질개선효과를 가져 왔다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.411-417
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• 2006

돼지고기 등심을 마리네이드 용액[C: unmarinated(100%, distilled water), T1: 10% sodium chloride, T2: 10% sodium chloride + 3% sodium tripolyphosphate]에 일정 크기로 절단 $(3{\times}3{\times}2cm)$된 시료를 침지하고 $5^{\circ}C$ 냉장고에 24시간 동안 마리네이드 처리하였다. 마리네이드된 등심과 이를 이용하여 제조한 토마토 스튜 제품을 제조하여 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 마리네이드 용액 흡수율은 처리구가 대조구보다 유의적으로 높았으나, 처리구 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다.(p>0.05). 가열 감량은 T1이 가장 높았으며, T2가 가장 낮았다.(p<0.05). 처리구들의 수율이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. (p<0.05). 마리네이드 용액의 pH는 T1이 7.00, T2는 8.47이었으며, 마리네이드 처리 등심육의 24시간 후 pH는 대조구보다 처리구들이 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 보수력은 T2가 가장 높았고, T1가 가장 낮았다. 육색측정 결과, 명도$(L^*)$, 적색도$(a^*)$ 및 황색도$(b^*)$는 처리구보다 대조구가 높은 경향이었다. 신선육에서 전단가는 처리구나 미처리구 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 가열육의 경우에는 T2(4.68)가 C(6.97)나T1(5.23)에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 결과였다. 조직감 분석결과, 경도는 처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았으며 (p<0.05), 나머지 평가 항목에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 토마토가 함유된 포크 스튜 관능검사 결과 대조구의 풍미가 처리구들보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 연도와 다즙성 및 전체적인 기호도는 처리구가 다소 높은 점수를 얻었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2003

Inhibitory activities against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) of enzymatic hydrolysates of porcine skeletal muscle proteins were investigated. Myosin B, myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin and water-soluble proteins extracted from pork loin were digested by eight kinds of proteases, including pepsin, $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, and trypsin. After digestion, hydrolysates produced from all proteins showed ACE inhibitory activities, and the peptic hydrolysate showed the strongest activity. In the case of myosin B, the molar concentration of peptic hydrolysate required to inhibit 50% of the activity increased gradually as digestion proceeded. The hydrolysates produced by sequential digestion with pepsin and $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, pepsin and trypsin or pepsin and pancreatin showed weaker activities than those by pepsin alone, suggesting that ACE inhibitory peptides from peptic digestion might lose their active sequences after digestion by the second protease. However, the hydrolysates produced by sequential digestion showed stronger activities than those by $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, trypsin or pancreatin alone. These results suggested that the hydrolysates of porcine meat were able to show ACE inhibitory activity, even if they were digested in vivo, and that pork might be a useful source of physiologically functional factors.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.389-396
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• 2016

In order to attain heavier live weight without impairing pork or sensory quality characteristics, carcass performance, muscle fiber, pork quality, and sensory quality characteristics were compared among the heavy weight (HW, average live weight of 130.5 kg), medium weight (MW, average weight of 111.1 kg), and light weight (LW, average weight of 96.3 kg) pigs at time of slaughter. The loin eye area was 1.47 times greater in the HW group compared to the LW group (64.0 and 43.5 cm², p<0.001), while carcass percent was similar between the HW and MW groups (p>0.05). This greater performance by the HW group compared to the LW group can be explained by a greater total number (1,436 vs. 1,188, ×10³, p<0.001) and larger area (4,452 vs. 3,716 μm², p<0.001) of muscle fibers. No significant differences were observed in muscle pH_{45 min}, lightness, drip loss, and shear force among the groups (p>0.05), and higher live weights did not influence sensory quality attributes, including tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Therefore, these findings indicate that increased live weights in this study did not influence the technological and sensory quality characteristics. Moreover, muscles with a higher number of medium or large size fibers tend to exhibit good carcass performance without impairing meat and sensory quality characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1634-1640
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to compare pork characteristics and to determine consumer acceptability of pork chops from antibiotic free Yorkshire crossbreds sired by Berkshire (BY), Large Black (LBY), Tamworth (TY) or Yorkshire (YY) boars and reared in hoop houses. The experiments were conducted at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University (NCA&TSU) Farm in Greensboro, NC and the Cherry Research Station Center for Environmental Farming Systems (CEFS) Alternative Swine Unit in Goldsboro, NC (source of antibiotic free Yorkshire sows used at both places). Twenty-four sows were artificially inseminated at each location in each of three trials. Litters were weaned at 4 wks old, and reared within deep-bedded outdoor hoop houses. To compare pork characteristics, 104 randomly selected animals were harvested at a USDA-inspected abattoir at approximately 200 d of age. Variables measured included pH, color score, $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, marbling score, drip loss, hot carcass weight, backfat thickness (BF), loin muscle area (LMA), and slice shear force. Sensory panel tests were also conducted at two time periods. The data was analyzed with GLM in SAS 9.01 including location, trial, and sire breed as fixed effects. Backfat thickness, LMA, color score and $a^*$ were different among breeding groups (p<0.05). The LBY pigs had thicker backfat and smaller LMA than the other breed types. The TY and YY had less backfat than all other breed groups. Color score was lower for YY than BY and LBY but intermediate for TY. The $a^*$ was lower for TY than other breeds except LBY which was intermediate. For one sensory panel test, YY pork was more preferred overall as well as for juiciness and texture compared to BY and LBY (p<0.05), but no impact of breed type was noted for the other test, with values similar for BY, LBY, TY and YY pork. This information may help small farmers make decisions about breed types to use for outdoor production.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2008

본 연구는 재래흑돼지의 육질특성과 생산성 구명을 통해 소비 및 생산 활성화를 위한 기초자료로 활용할 목적으로 사료내 에너지(ME, kcal/kg)사이신(%)수준을 달리한 3처리구, 즉 상(H), 중(M), 하(L)로 나누어 사양시험을 한 후 성장 및 육질평가를 실시하였다. 본 연구결과, 사양시험기간 동안 재래흑돼지에 있어 에너지아이신 수준이 높을수록 일당증체량과 사료요구율이 향상되는 경향을 보이고 출하일령이 짧아지는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 도체성적의 경우 도체율, 등지방두께, 배최장근단면적, 살코기 생산량에서 처리구간에 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았으나(p>0.05), 거세돈이 암퇘지에 비해 등지방이 두꺼운 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 재래흑돼지 등심육의 일반조성분, 근내지방함량, 근절길이 및 근섬유 비율은 처리구별로 유의적 차이는 없었으나, 근내지방은 영양수준이 높은 H 처리구가 M, L 처리구보다 포화지방산은 높고, 불포화지방산은 낮게 나타났으며, n-3비율은 에너지/라이신 수준이 높아질수록 낮았으나, n-6/n-3 비율은 영양수준이 높아질수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 근절길이 및 근섬유 비율도 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 영양수준이 증가됨에 따라 근절길이는 다소 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 적색근 비율은 L처리구가, 백색근 비율은 M 처리구가 각각 다른 처리구보다 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1923-1932
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• 2019

Objective: We investigated visual marbling level (VML) influence on pork loin physicochemical traits, consumer palatability responses, VML liking, purchase intent, and their relationships. Methods: For each of five slaughtering dates, at 24-h postmortem, nine paired Duroc castrated male boneless Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were categorized into low (LM, score 1 to 2, n = 3), medium (MM, score 3 to 4, n = 3), and high (HM, score 5 to 6, n = 3) VML. Meat physicochemical quality traits and consumer responses (n = 389) on palatability and VML liking, and purchase intent were evaluated. The experiment was in randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance, Duncan's multiple mean comparisons, and correlation coefficients were determined. Results: VML correspond to crude fat (r = 0.91, p<0.01), but both were reversely related to moisture content (r = -0.75 and -0.91, p<0.01, respectively). As VML increased, ash (p<0.05) and protein (p = 0.072) decreased, pH and $b^{\star}$ increased (p<0.05), but drip, cooking (p<0.05) and thawing (p = 0.088) losses decreased. Among treatments, muscle fiber diameter, sarcomere length, total and insoluble collagen contents, $L^{\star}$, and $a^{\star}$ did not differ (p>0.05). Compared to the others, HM had lower collagen solubility percentage (p<0.05), but similar (p>0.05) Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). No differences (p>0.05) were found in juiciness, overall flavor, oiliness, and overall acceptability, but HM was more tender (p<0.05) than the others. Based on VML, consumers preferred MM to HM (p<0.05), while LM was similar to MM and HM (p>0.05). Corresponding to VML preference (r = 0.45, p<0.01), consumers (83%) would (p<0.01) definitely and probably buy MM, over LM (74%), and HM (68%), respectively. Conclusion: Increasing VML in pork LD altered its chemical composition, slightly increased pH, and improved water holding capacity, thereby improving its tenderness acceptability. Marbling might reduce chewing resistance, as lower collagen solubility in HM did not impact tenderness acceptability and WBSF. While HM was rated as most tender, consumers visually preferred and would purchase MM.