• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국축산식품학회 1999년도 정기총회 및 제23차 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.97-117
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• 1999

돼지고기 섭취가 카드뮴(Cd)에 중독된 흰쥐의 카드뮴 배설에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. $CdCl_2$를 카드뮴 기준으로 AIN-76 purified diet에 다섯 수준(0, 25, 50, 100, 250 ppm)으로 혼합한 Cd 중독식이를 8주 동안 급여하여 임상적인 중독을 유발시킨 다음 다시 7주 동안 단백질 급원인 카제인을 돼지고기로 대체시킨 해독식이를 7주간 급여하여 돼지고기에 의한 해독효과를 대조구와 비교하였다. 8주 동안 Cd 중독 실험식이를 급여한 결과, 카드뮴 중독과 관련한 성장지연, 카드뮴의 표적장기인 신장무게의 증가와 헤마토크릿치(Ht)와 헤모글로빈 함량(Hb)이 감소하였다. 병리조직학적 검사 결과 육안병변에서 뚜렷한 임상적인 관찰 예가 나타났다. 카드뮴 급여를 중단하고 해독 실험 사료 급여 후 흰쥐의 체중은 급속하게 회복되었다. 즉 돼지고기 급여구의 흰쥐는 카제인 급여구의 흰쥐에 비해 평균체중이 약간 높았으나 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 카드뮴 중독 시 Hb 함량과 Ht치는 카드뮴 농도에 상관하였으나 해독시에 모든 처리군에서 Hb 함량과 Ht치는 정상 범위의 수준으로 증가하여 처리군간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 간, 신장, 정소의 무게는 카드뮴 투여에 따라 점차로 낮아졌지만 체중에 따른 간의 비율과 신장의 비율은 카드뮴 투여에 의해 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 체중 100g 당 간의 무게는 250ppm 카드뮴 중독 후 해독 실험사료 급여시 돼지고기를 섭취한 처리군에서 가장 높았다. 카드뮴 섭취량이 높을수록 간과 신장에서의 축적량은 통계적으로 유의하게 차이가 있었고 신장에서의 축적 농도가 간에서 보다 약 2배 정도 높았다. 해독 시에는 간과 신장중의 카드뮴 함량이 감소하였으며 간에서의 Cd 제거 속도가 신장에서 보다 빠른 것으로 보여졌다. 카제인 섭취 군보다 돼지고기 섭취군에서 카드뮴의 축적이 더 낮았고 특히 신장에서의 카드뮴 축적 농도에 영향을 미치는 인자로서 카드뮴 뿐만 아니라 카드뮴과 돼지고기 섭취여부의 교호작용($Cd^{***}$, $Cd{\times}Pork^{***}$) 등이 나타났다. 카드뮴 중독시에 metallothionein(MT)는 Cd의 섭취량이 늘어남에 따라 증가하였지만 해독 시의 결과를 보면 MT합성은 돼지고기에 의해 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 카드뮴의 해독과 관련하여 단백질 급원으로서 카제인을 돼지고기로 대체한 실험식이를 급여하였을 때 돼지고기 첨가군의 성장률이 높았고 Ht치 역시 정상범위로 회복되었다. 신장조직의 병리조직학적 검사 결과 Cd 50ppm 투여군에서부터 돼지고기 첨가군이 돼지고기 무첨가군에 비해 Cd에 의해 손상된 세포를 의미하는 세뇨관의 호염성이 현저하게 감소된 것으로 관찰됨으로서 돼지고기의 Cd 해독능이 유효한 것으로 평가되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.402-405
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine (0, 0.125%) on performance, carcass composition, pork quality and hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity of crossbred finishing barrows. Three replicates of ten pigs were used for each treatment. The results showed that average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by betaine. Compared with the control group, pigs treated with betaine had a 8.17% (p<0.05) decrease in carcass fat percentage, and a 8.84% (p<0.05) reduction in 10th-rib backfat thickness, but dressing percentage, percentage lean, longissimus muscle area, and average backfat thickness were not affected. There were also no significant differences in muscle color score, marbling score, pork pH value and water loss rate between the control and betaine-treated groups. Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity was significantly increased by 13.97% (p<0.05) when pigs were offered 0.125% betaine.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.115-127
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• 2016

In this study, we compared diet related attributes such as food taste preference, food consumption frequency and nutrition intake between elderly residents in their 80's of areas in Jeollanam-do that are well known for longevity and those of a part of Seoul. Structured in-depth interviews were conducted by trained interviewers on 125 consented subjects (67 Jeonnam and 58 Seoul). Differences of groups were tested using Chi-square tests for nominal or ordinal data and t-tests and ANOVA tests for ratio data. The elderly from Jeonnam tended to sleep longer, express emotion more freely, and interact with others more often than those from Seoul. The elderly tended to prefer sweet or salty tastes, which might be highly related to serious health problems. The most frequently consumed foods were napa cabbage kimchi (2.19 times/day) and multigrain rice (1.99 times/day). Elderly from Jeonnam tended to consume garlic, milk, beans and roasted barley/corn teas less often; whereas, they consumed porridge, dried radish greens, potato, fermented fish, dried fish, pork rib, pork belly, soybean paste soup, soybean paste/Ssamjang, other kimchis, pickled vegetables, snacks, cookies, and green/black teas more often than elderly residents from Seoul. Differences in nutrition intake between the regions were greater than differences between the perceived levels of household economic status. NAR and INQ for folate were lower among elderly from Jeonnam than those from Seoul, while those for protein, vitamin C, niacin, vitamin $B_6$ were higher. The study results indicated that elderly from Jeonnam engaged in a more diverse diet than the elderly from Seoul.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2000

Contributions of specific foods to absolute intake and between-person variance in 13 nutrients were examined to develop a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for the Korean elderly using dietary data collected by a semiquantitative FFQ with 96 food items. The contributions of specific foods to 90% absolute nutrient intake were measured by assessing their percentage to the total consumption of a nutrient by our samples(n=98). To assess the contribution of the foods to the between-person variance in intake of each specific nutrient, stepwise multiple regression was performed. Cumulative R2 served as the measure of contribution to variation in intake. The most important food source of absolute intake was rice for energy and protein. Important foods of between person variance contribution include bread for energy and pork for protein. Important foods of absolute and variance contribution of nutrient intake were similar for fat(noodles including jajangmyun and kalguksu), calcium(anchovy and milk) and vitamin A (carrot). The number of foods necessary to account for the variation in nutrient intake among older people in Korea differ considerably by nutrient: 18 - 43 and 8-26 foods were accounted for the respective 90 and 80% of absolute intake depending on nutrients. Carbohydrates and vitamin A and C had relatively a few major sources, thus may be assessed well by a small number of foods. Conversely, iron, potassium and B vitamins appear to need longer lists of foods. Fewer numbeer (6 - 12 and 4 - 9) of foods were required for the corresponding percentages of between-person variation for all nutrients. Depending on nutrients, 0.980-0.995 and 0.924-0.987 were respective correlation coefficients of nutrient intakes measured by 96 food items with those by lists of foods for 90% and 80% of absolute intake contribution. These findings suggest that an incomplete food list on the basis of its contribution to absolute and between person variation intakes may still be effective in discriminating among individuals. The results of this study may be useful in the design and use of dietary questionnaire.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

This study was administrated to find the effects of dietary habits and nutrient intakes on the development of cardiovascular disease in the elderly aged over 60. The 40 healthy elderlies(18 males, 22 females) and 40 hospitalized elderlies with the cardiovascular disease(23 males, 17 females) were subjected for the study. Body weight, height, BMI and blood pressure were measured. Also, health behaviors such as exercise, smoking, drinking and dietary habits, frequency of intake lipid food in the past, nutrient intake at the present were assessed by interviews and questionnaire. The results of this study are as follows. 1. Body weight and the BMI were higher in hospitalized male elderlies significantly than those of healthy male elderlies(p<0.05). But the blood pressure wasn't different between two groups. 2. The ratio of male subjects who do regular exercise was significantly higher in healthy group(p<0.01). And significant difference in the extent of stress was found between two female groups(p<0.05). 3. The amount of meal and salty taste showed significant difference between two female groups(p<0.01) but the other dietary habits such as meat preference were not different between healthy and hospitalized elderlies. 4. Compared with healthy male elderlies, hospitalized male elderlies showed significantly higher frequency of intake of fish in the past(p<0.05) and frequency of intake of lipid food such as pork and chicken was also higher in the hospitalized male elderlies, but no significant difference in nutrient intake at the present was found between healthy and hospitalized elderlies. 5. Nutrient intake of elderlies showed in the average daily intake of energy, Ca, vitamin $B_2$were lower than Korean recommended dietary allowances(CRDA). For female subjects, the cholesterol intake was positively correlated with body weight, meats and eggs intake showed positive correlation with body weight and the BMI(p<0.01).

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.373-389
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate exposure level and risk of heavy metals in livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods. Based on the "Food Intake Data," a part of the 2005 National Health & Nutrition Survey and the "2005 Seasonal Nutrition Survey", 113 Korean foods items were selected. 3 samples from different manufacturers of each 113 items of Korean foods were purchased on summer and fall, so total 678 samples were used. The food groups were classified into 15 categories. For the livestock foodstuffs category, meats and poultry (chicken, pork, pork belly, beef, beef feet soup), milks and dairy products (milk, ice cream, liquid yoghourt, sherbet), eggs (egg) were selected. It was found that the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from livestock foodstuffs is 0.00020 arsenic, 0.00000 cadmium, 0.00020 lead, and 0.00006 mercury, and the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from Korean foods is 0.0265 arsenic, 0.0083 cadmium, 0.0067 lead, and 0.0028 mercury. Daily amount of heavy metals intake from livestock foodstuffs was low among the food groups. For risk assessment, PDI (Probable Daily Intake) was calculated and compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) of JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive). Relative hazard of these livestock foodstuffs was 0.006% in arsenic, 0.000% in cadmium, 0.085% in lead, and 0.149% in mercury. Relative hazard of Korean foods was 0.941% in arsenic, 14.676% in cadmium, 3.319% in lead, and 6.860% in mercury. Thus, livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods were as safe as satisfied with the recommended standards of JECFA.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.98-106
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• 2004

The dietary vitamin $B_6$ intake of 185 Korean children aged 7-12 years (y), who showed no health problems, in the Seoul area and its sources were estimated using a modified Korean vitamin $B_6$ database. The age and sex of each subject was classified according to the classifications in the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Dietary vitamin $B_6$ intake and food sources were estimated using the three-day recall method with the help of a trained interviewer. Food portion sizes were estimated by using standard household measures and published average portion sizes. The average daily vitamin $B_6$ intake was 1.69$\pm$0.50 mg/d in children aged 7-9 y, 1.86$\pm$0.44 mg/d in male children aged 10-12 y and 1.77$\pm$0.62 mg/d in female children aged 10-12 y. Less than 5% of the subjects consumed less than the Korean RDA of vitamin $B_6$. The average ratio of vitamin $B_6$intake to daily protein intake was 0.028$\pm$0.006 mg/g in children aged 7-9 y, 0.028$\pm$0.004 mg/g in male children aged 10-12 y and 0.029$\pm$0.007 mg/g in female children aged 10-12 y. The intake of vitamin $B_6$ was significantly (p<.01) positively correlated to the intake of all other nutrients. Foods from animal and plant sources provided 37% and 73% respectively, of total vitamin $B_6$. Major dietary sources of vitamin $B_6$ in children in the Seoul area were rice, soybean sprouts, pork, beef, cereal, kimchi, milk, onions, and potatoes. As for major dietary sources of vitamin $B_6$, the top 20 foods provided nearly 73-75% of the total vitamin $B_6$ consumed by Korean children.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.524-532
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• 1999

This study was carried out to obtain information about preferences of the meat food in 491 Koreans including the ones living in New Zealand. General preference for the meats was not significant differences according to sex, monthly income level, residing area, marriage status and family number. Degree of preferences for the meats which have consumed commonly such as beef, pork and chicken showed relatively a high tendency, but the meats such as goat, lamb, deer and turkey were very low in preference score. In the meats cooking style, most subjects preferred Korean style followed by Chinese and western style. The younger had a high score than the older inpreference of the processed meats. The meat foods subjects preferred were Tzeams, Kui, Tangs, cutlets and Tangsuyuks. There were not significant differences in preferences for the meats between Korean living in domestic and New Zealand. This study showed that the meat foods which theirs preference was high have had a high tendency in the intake frequency also. Preferences for the meat food was affected by intake frequency and amount of intake and nutritional knowledge, but not related to BMI, health status and monthly income level.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.323-332
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze specific foods influencing absolute nutrient intake and between-person variations of nutrient intake among Korean preschoolers. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study included 2,766 participants aged 1-5 years in the 2009-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary data were obtained from a 24-h dietary recall method. Major food sources of absolute nutrient intake were evaluated based on percent contribution of each food. To assess the contribution of specific foods to between-person variations in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regressions were performed and cumulative $R^2$ was used. RESULTS: White rice and milk were main food sources of energy, protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, iron, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. The percentage of fat contributed by milk was 21.3% which was the highest, followed by pork, soybean oil, and egg. White rice accounted for 25% and 40% of total variability in total energy and carbohydrate intakes, respectively. About 39% of variation in calcium intake was explained by milk while 40% of variation in phosphorous intake was explained by cheese. The top 10 foods contributing to between-person variations in nutrient intakes were similar with food items that mainly contributed to absolute nutrient intakes. The number of foods explaining 90% of absolute amounts of nutrient intakes varied from 28 for vitamin A to 80 for iron. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified specific foods that contributed to absolute nutrient intakes and between-person variations in nutrient intakes among Korean preschoolers. Our findings can be used to develop dietary assessment tools and establish food-based dietary guidelines for young children.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.706-711
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• 2009

This study was carried out to compare the growth performance and quality properties of pork from finishing pigs fed different levels of betaine. A total 120 female pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) were fed either a control commercial diet or the control diet supplemented with 2, 4 and 6% betaine for 31 days. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the 2% diet was lower than of the other treatment groups. The average daily gain (ADG) for pigs fed betaine diets was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with nonsupplemented diets. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of pigs fed betaine diets was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with nonsupplemented diets. pH of loin and ham samples were not significantly different between dietary groups, whereas CIE a* (redness) of pork loin was increased by dietary betaine. Also, the shear force value of loin was significantly higher (p<0.05) in pigs given dietary betaine compared with non-supplemented diets, but no significant differences were found in cooking loss by the loin among diets with different levels of betaine (p>0.05). Dietary supplementation with betaine decreased total cholesterol concentrations in blood, and increased saturated fatty acid and decreased unsaturated fatty acid levels in muscle. Pigs supplemented with betaine had increased betaine concentrations in the loin muscle. It was concluded that dietary betaine supplementation of finishing pigs can improve growth performance and reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. It was also concluded that dietary betaine produced detectable betaine concentrations in the lion muscle.