• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1152-1152
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• 2001

Food adulteration is a serious consumer fraud and a matter of concern to food processors and regulatory agencies. A range of analytical methods have been investigated to facilitate the detection of adulterated or mis-labelled foods & food ingredients but most of these require sophisticated equipment, highly-qualified staff and are time-consuming. Regulatory authorities and the food industry require a screening technique which will facilitate fast and relatively inexpensive monitoring of food products with a high level of accuracy. Near infrared spectroscopy has been investigated for its potential in a number of authenticity issues including meat speciation (McElhinney, Downey & Fearn (1999) JNIRS, 7(3), 145 154; Downey, McElhinney & Fearn (2000). Appl. Spectrosc. 54(6), 894-899). This report describes further analysis of these spectral sets using a hierarchical approach and binary decisions solved using logistic regression. The sample set comprised 230 homogenized meat samples i. e. chicken (55), turkey (54), pork (55), beef (32) and lamb (34) purchased locally as whole cuts of meat over a 10-12 week period. NIR reflectance spectra were recorded over the wavelength range 400-2498nm at 2nm intervals on a NIR Systems 6500 scanning monochromator. The problem was defined as a series of binary decisions i. e. is the meat red or white\ulcorner is the red meat beef or lamb\ulcorner, is the white meat pork or poultry\ulcorner etc. Each of these decisions was made using an individual binary logistic model based on scores derived from principal component or partial least squares (PLS1 and PLS2) analysis. The results obtained were equal to or better than previous reports using factorial discriminant analysis, K-nearest neighbours and PLS2 regression. This new approach using a combination of exploratory and logistic analyses also appears to have advantages of transparency and the use of inherent structure in the spectral data. Additionally, it allows for the use of different data transforms and multivariate regression techniques at each decision step.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2007

본 실험은 고온증기세척수의 분무가 돼지도체 표면 미생물수의 감소와 돈육품질에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 실시하였다. 처리전과 비교하여 처리후 복강쪽 및 체외표면에서 표면 미생물수는 감소하며, 분무온도가 증가할수록 총균수의 차이를 보여준다(P<0.05). 그러나 80℃ 이상의 온도 즉, 90℃의 고온증기 세척시 80℃의 분무온도와 비교하여 미생물수 감소 효과를 보이지 않은 것으로 미루어(P>0.05) 고온증기 세척수의 분무 온도는 80℃가 적당할 것으로 판단된다. 고온증기 세척수의 처리시간별 돼지도체 표면 미생물수의 변화는, 처리전과 비교하여 처리후 미생물수는 감소하였다(P<0.05). 그러나 복강쪽 및 체외표면 모두 20초의 분무시간에 비해 30초 및 60초 처리시 총균수 변화에 차이를 나타내지 않아 20초 세척시간이 효과적인 것으로 판단된다. 고온증기 세척수의 분무온도가 돈육질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위한 육질평가에서 80℃ 이상의 온도에서 등심과 뒷다리 모두 높은 명도 값이 나타났다(P<0.05). 근육의 pH와 보수력은 온도가 증가할수록 감소하며, 특히, pH와 근장단백질용해성은 80℃ 이상의 온도에서 유의적인(P<0.05)으로 낮게 나타나, 70℃의 고온증기 처리시 돈육질에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 세척시간에 따른 육색의 변화에서 등심과 뒷다리 모두 세척시간이 증가할수록 명도 값은 증가하며, 30초의 증기처리 이후 명도와 적색도에서 유의적인(P<0.05) 차이를 보여 빠른 pH 감소의 원인으로 돈육의 보수력이 나빠지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 70℃의 증기온도와 20초의 처리시간이 돼지도체 표면 미생물수를 감소시키며 돈육질에 부정적인 영향을 미치지 않는 최적 조건이라 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.531-540
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• 2012

Pigs from four sire lines were allocated to a series of low energy (LE, 3.15 to 3.21 Mcal ME/kg) corn-soybean meal-based diets with 16% wheat midds or high energy diets (HE, 3.41 to 3.45 Mcal ME/kg) with 4.5 to 4.95% choice white grease. All diets contained 6% DDGS. The HE and LE diets of each of the four phases were formulated to have equal lysine:Mcal ME ratios. Barrows (N = 2,178) and gilts (N = 2,274) were fed either high energy (HE) or low energy (LE) diets from 27 kg BW to target BWs of 118, 127, 131.5 and 140.6 kg. Carcass primal and subprimal cut weights were collected. The cut weights and carcass measurements were fitted to allometric functions (Y = A $CW^B$) of carcass weight. The significance of diet, sex or sire line with A and B was evaluated by linearizing the equations by log to log transformation. The effect of diet on A and B did not interact with sex or sire line. Thus, the final model was cut weight = (1+$b_D$(Diet)) A($CW^B$) where Diet = -0.5 for the LE and 0.5 for HE diets and A and B are sire line-sex specific parameters. Diet had no affect on loin, Boston butt, picnic, baby back rib, or sparerib weights (p>0.10, $b_D$ = -0.003, -0.0029, 0.0002, 0.0047, -0.0025, respectively). Diet affected ham weight (bD = -0.0046, p = 0.01), belly weight (bD = 0.0188, p = 0.001) three-muscle ham weight ($b_D$ = -0.014, p = 0.001), boneless loin weight (bD = -0.010, p = 0.001), tenderloin weight ($b_D$ = -0.023, p = 0.001), sirloin weight ($b_D$ = -0.009, p = 0.034), and fat-free lean mass ($b_D$ = -0.0145, p = 0.001). Overall, feeding the LE diets had little impact on primal cut weight except to decrease belly weight. Feeding LE diets increased the weight of lean trimmed cuts by 1 to 2 percent at the same carcass weight.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.16-21
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• 2007

20개의 돼지 등심육을 각각 1주일씩 건염과 습염을 한 다음 2주일간 숙성하여 생햄을 제조한 후 진공포장하여 10과 $25^{\circ}C$에서 90일간 저장하면서 물리화학적 및 관능학적 품질을 조사하였다. 생햄의 10과 $25^{\circ}C$에서 저장 중 식염 함량은 모두 약 5.1% 수준을 유지하였다. 그리고 수분, 조단백질, 조지방 및 회분 등 일반성분의 함량에 있어서 저장 온도와 기간에 따른 시료 간 차이는 나타나지 않았다. TBA와 VBN값은 저장기간 중 계속 증가함으로써 지방과 단백질의 분해가 진공포장한 상태에서도 지속적으로 이루어졌다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 조사된 pH, 수분활성도, 물성, TBA와 VBN값, 그리고 관능학적 품질 변화는 $10^{\circ}C$에서보다 $25^{\circ}C$에 저장된 시료에서 더 크게 일어나는 경향을 보였다. 저장 기간이 연장될수록 경도, 부서짐성, 탄성, 응집성, 검성 및 점착성 등과 같은 조직감에서의 유의적인 품질 저하가 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 색은 10과 $25^{\circ}C$ 시료 간, 그리고 저장구간별 큰 차이가 없었다. 관능검사 결과에 따른 생햄의 저장수명은 10과 $25^{\circ}C$에서 각각 75와 45일로 추정되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권10호
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• pp.37.1-37.9
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the low plane of nutrition on growth and meat quality of finishing pigs. A total of 136 crossbred barrows and gilts weighing approximately 55 kg were allotted to 8 pens, with 17 animals housed per pen, in a 2 (sex) ${\times}$ 2 (nutrition) factorial arrangement of treatments. The animals allotted to a medium plane of nutrition (MPN) received a finisher phase 1 (P1) diet containing 3.47 Mcal DE/kg and 0.92 % lysine and a P2 diet containing 3.40 Mcal DE/kg and 0.78 % lysine for 35 d and 36/43 d, respectively; the animals allotted to the low plane of nutrition (LPN) received only a P2 diet containing 3.00 Mcal DE/kg and 0.68 % lysine 7 d longer than MPN. The animals were slaughtered following the feeding trial, after which the loin, ham, Boston butt, and belly were taken from a total of 24 animals, with the average live weight being 120 kg, and their physicochemical and sensory quality traits were analyzed. Average daily gain did not differ between MPN and LPN during either P1 or P2. Average daily feed intake was greater (P < 0.05) in LPN vs. MPN during both phases whereas the opposite was true for the gain:feed ratio. Backfat thickness (BFT) was less in LPN vs. MPN (21.7 vs. 24.1 mm at 115 kg). The plane of nutrition influenced no effect on any of the physicochemical characteristics of fresh loin, ham, or Boston butt analyzed in the present study. Fresh hams from LPN exhibited superior aroma and odor scores than those from MPN; however, sensory quality traits were not influenced by the plane of nutrition in other fresh primal cuts or cooked meat. Instead, fresh primal cuts and cooked meat from gilts rendered superior physicochemical characteristics and sensory scores, respectively, than those from barrows. Results suggest that the low plane of nutrition may be useful to increase the slaughter weight of finishing pigs with a moderately high BFT by virtue of its BFT-lowering effect with or without exerting a slightly positive influence on pork quality.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2014

This study presents the estimates of heritabilities of body measurement traits and carcass traits, and genetic and phenotypic correlations of those traits for crossbred pigs in Korea. Body and ultrasound (A mode: Piglog 105) measurements in 221 pigs including body weight, length, height and width, three back fat thickness at the points of 4th, 14th rib and chine bone, eye muscle area and lean meat percent were collected at the ages of 70, 145 and 180 days and then slaughtered to measure carcass weight, back fat, belly, collar butt, spare rib, picnic shoulder, hind leg, loin, tenderloin, lean meat yield and intramuscular rough fat content in loin. Genetic analysis was done using a multi-trait animal model. Heritabilties of the body measurements were ranged from 0.331 to 0.559 and three measurements of back fat thickness were also high as range varying from 0.402 to 0.475 for the ages of 145 and 180 days. However, eye muscle area was moderate (0.296) at the age of 180 days. Heritabilities of retail cut yields were also high as ranged from 0.387 to 0.474 and of IMF content in loin was 0.499. Heritabilities of the cut percent traits were ranged from 0.249 to 0.488. Important positive genetic and phenotypic correlations were noted for all carcass yield traits (0.298 to 0.875 and 0.432 to 0.922, respectively). IMF showed low negative genetic correlations with carcass yield traits, such as carcass weight, picnic shoulder, hind leg, loin, tenderloin and lean meat yield whereas low positive genetic correlations with back fat, belly, collar butt and spare rib. Loin, tenderloin and lean meat percent showed negative genetic correlations with carcass weight, back fat thickness, collar butt, spare rib and picnic shoulder percent. The four body measurements at the ages of 70, 145 and 180 days had positive genetic correlations with belly, shoulder butt, spare rib, picnic shoulder and hind leg percent, but negative genetic correlations were shown with loin and tenderloin percent except body measurements at 70 days. The results suggest that carcass yield are negatively correlated with intramuscular fat content, which is a major factor deciding pork quality and the yield of loin and tenderloin are not increased as much as increase in body size. However, the proportions of belly and collar butt are increased with the body size. In conclusion, selection strategy should be designed according to the preference on composition of carcass in each country.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1630-1636
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• 2013

An investigation was carried out to assess the carcass characteristics and meat quality aspects of immunocastrated male pigs of medium genetic potential for lean meat deposition in carcass (53 to 55%). When the crossbred Large White x Landrace pigs (n = 45) were 70 days old, they were distributed in a totally randomized design in three treatments (castrated males, females and immunocastrated males) with three replicates of five animals. The pigs were slaughtered when they were 140 days old. Carcass temperature and pH were recorded twice, at 45 min and 24 h after slaughter. The carcasses were evaluated for hot and cold carcass yield, commercial cuts yield, length and depth, back fat thickness, loin eye area and lean meat percentage. The Longissimus dorsi muscle was extracted for analysis of color ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$), exudate loss, cooking loss and centesimal and sensorial analysis of the meat. There were no significant differences for the evaluated parameters between castrated males, immunocastrated males and females, except for backfat thickness between the 7th and 8th thoracic vertebra and the point P2 (lower for immunocastrated males) and carcass temperature at 45 min post slaughter (higher in immunocastrated males), however, this did not interfer with the rate of pH decrease post mortem and the meat quality. The results from this research did not indicate a benefit of immunocastration on carcass characteristics of pigs of medium genetic potential for lean meat deposition in carcass, when compared to surgical castration.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2011

The present review was aimed to assess the feasibility of increasing the slaughter weight (SW) of finishing pigs. Growth performance, including ADG, ADFI and gain:feed, does not change significantly with increasing SW between 110 and $135{\pm}5kg$ in lean-genotype pigs, whereas in non-lean pigs, ADG and gain:feed decrease with increasing SW within the similar range of BW. Backfat thickness (BFT) and marbling of the carcass, which are greater in barrows than in gilts, increase with the increase of SW. The SW could be increased by using a low-energy diet and thereby reducing the rate of fat deposition per weight gain. The yield of the belly increases with the increase of SW, which may be economically significant in Korea. However, yields of some other primal cuts do not change so much as to affect the carcass value. The redness and fat content of the muscle increase slightly with the increase of SW whereas moisture content is minimally influenced by SW. Muscular protein content rarely changes, but sometimes increases slightly, with increasing SW. Other physicochemical characteristics, including lightness, pH, drip loss, and cooking loss of the muscle, are barely influenced by SW. Marbling of fresh loin and ham increases with increasing SW. Sensory characteristics of fresh loin, ham, and belly, including color, aroma, off-flavor, drip, and acceptability, are not influenced significantly by SW. The eating quality of cooked pork also has almost no relation to SW. In conclusion, it is thought that the current SW for moderately lean barrows and gilts can be raised up to 125 and 135 kg, respectively, with BFT at these weights predicted to be approximately 24 mm near the last rib, without compromising the meat quality.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2006

본 연구는 $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 40일 저장되는 동안 수출용 진공 포장 야끼부다 제품의 물리화학적, 미생물학적 및 관능적 품질특성의 변화를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 공시된 제품은 일본인이 선호하는 육제품으로 안심 야끼부다(T1), 등심 야끼부다(T2), 뒷다리 야끼부다(T3) 3종이다. pH는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 저장 40일차에는 T2가 다른 처리구에 비해 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 모든 처리구에서 TBARS와 VBN값은 저장기간이 지남에 따라 증가하였다. 저장기간 동안 보수력은 T1 $81.41{\sim}92.20%$, T2 $81.13{\sim}94.51%$, T3 $82.93{\sim}87.50%$ 범위로 나타났다. 전단가는 T3가 다른 처리구들보다 전 저장기간 동안 더 높았다. 총균, 대장균 및 유산균수는 저장 전 기간 동안 $3.0\;log_{10}CFU/g$ 이하로 나타났다. 관능 검사 결과, 모든 제품이 40일까지 5.5점 이상의 점수를 받아 전체적인 기호도는 대체로 양호하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 진공포장된 야끼부다의 저장성은 40일까지 유지된다고 볼 수 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.149-155
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• 1984

건강식품(健康食品), 보신식품(補身食品)으로 전래되어 오는 돼지머리, 족발, 꼬리 부위의 영양학적(營養學的) 가치를 규명(究明)하기 위한 일환으로 일반성분(一般成分), 수율(收率) 및 열량과 구성 아미노산조성 그리고 무기중(無機質)중 생리적(生理的)으로 열학이 큰 철, 칼슘 및 인과 vitamin A, thiamine 및 riboflavin의 함량에 대하여 실험검토(實驗檢討)하였는데 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생시료(生試料)에 있어서 수율(收率)은 머리는 69.4%, 족발은 46.1%, 꼬리는 67.6%이었고, 삶은 시료(試料)의 경우 머리는 54.1%, 족발은 34.3% 및 꼬리는 47.6% 이었다. 2. 열량은 생시료(生試料)의 며리는310.5Cal 족발은288.1Cal, 꼬리는282.5Cal 였으며 삶은시료(試料)의 머리는 295.0 Cal, 족발은 267.4 Cal그리고 꼬리는 253.8 Cal 이었다. 3. 생시료(生試料)와 삶은 시료(試料)의 구성아미노산의 조성(組成) 중 필수(必須) 아미노산은 lysine, leucine, threonine이 높은 함량을 나타내었고 methionine, tryptophan이 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내고 있으며 비필수(非必修) 아미노산은 proline, glycine, glutamic acid 또는 aspartic acid가 전체아미노산의 반이상을 차지하고 있으며 전반적으로 생시료(生試料)나 삶은 시료(試料)에 있어서 조성(組成) 및 함량에 큰 변화를 찾아 볼 수 없었다. 4. 생시료(生試料)의 무기질(無機質)에 있어서 칼슘, 철은 족발이 높은 함량을 보였고 인의 경우 머리가 가장 높았다. 5. Vitamin A는 생시료(生試料)나 삶은 시료(試料) 모두에 함유되지 않았고 thiamine과 riboflavin은 적은 양이 함유되어 있었다.