• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.943-952
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• 1991

Lead zirconate titanate(PZT) powders and thin films were prepared from an alkoxide-based solution by sol-gel method. Gelation of synthesized complex solutions, pyrolysis and crystallization behaviors of the dried powder were studied in accordance with a water content and a catalyst. PZT thin films were formed by spin-casting method on silicon and platinum substrates, and characterized. Ester produced from the reactions was completely removed when drying of the gel was finished. Pyrolysis property of the dried PZT gels were changed in order water content, class of catalyst, and quantity of catalyst. Crystalline Pb phase was transiently formed near 250$^{\circ}C$. Basic catalyst is good additive for a formation of perovskite phase in the films, and acidic catalyst for a densified film structure. By the analysis of RBS, Pb element in the PZT films were diffused into silicon substrate, and the pores, may be produced due to local densification around some grains in the films, make an origin of fault in microstructure when holding time goes to be longer at 700$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.267-275
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• 1989

YBa2Cu3O7-x oxide superconductors were fabricated by sintering and hotisostatic pressing (HIP), and their microstructures and properties were compared with each other. Thougha part of the second phase was observed along grain boundaries, their structures were consisted of single (123) phase and they had many porosities. But, porosities were remakably reduced by Hiping and the densification was brought about. The structure of (123) compound also showed a number of twins, which are typical of high Tc superconductors. The on-set temperature of YBa2Cu3O7-x compound sintered at 96$0^{\circ}C$ in oxygen and hipped at 88$0^{\circ}C$ was highest, but that shwoed 0 resistance at 87$^{\circ}$K, which is a little lower than the compound sintered at 96$0^{\circ}C$. HIP treatment also increased the critical current density of as-sintered compound. However, its value was low, which may be ascribed to the many pores of starting-sintered compact and partially to the second phase along grain boundaries.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1559-1562
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• 2009

The influence of hot pressing on the pore structures of Nafion membranes was investigated by observing the Nafion before and after hot pressing with $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The freezing point depression and chemical shift data of water in the Nafion indicated the presence of two different pore size ranges in Nafion. Hot pressing mainly reduced the sizes and number of the big pores. The reduction of water uptake and proton conductivity after hot pressing was explained by this variation of pore size and number. We demonstrated the potential application of chemical shift data and NMR cryoporometry experiments to measure the relative pore sizes, on a nano scale, and numbers.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.144-149
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• 2004

Porous anodic alumina has been used widely for corrosion protection of aluminum surfaces or as dielectric material in micro-electronics applications. It exhibits a homogeneous morphology of parallel pores which can easily be controlled between 10 and 400nm. It has been applied as a template for fabrication of the nanometerscale composite. In this study, mechanical properties of the AAO structures are measured by the nano indentation method. Nano indentation technique is one of the most effective method to measure the mechanical properties of nano-structures. Basically, hardness and elastic modulus can be obtained by the nano-indentation. Using the nano-indentation method, we investigated the mechanical properties of the AAO structure with different size of nano-holes. In results, we find the hole effect that changes the mechanical properties as size of nano hole.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.898-903
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• 2001

In this study, we investigated amounts, distributions and sizes of pores of multilayer piezoelectric transformer, and predicted heat emission property and electrical characteristics according to designs of internal electrode. Forming densities of device having MLC, fingered and full filled internal electrode structure were 4.73 g/㎤, 4.80 g/㎤, 4.82 g/㎤ and forming porosities were 17.3737%, 13.1475%, 12.6121%, respectively. And sintered densities of MLC structured, fingered and full filled devices were 7.76 g/㎤, 7.75 g/㎤, 7.84 g/㎤ and sintered porosities were 4.0967%, 2.7132%, 2.5317%, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that fingered and full fi1led internal electrode devices, expecially, fingered internal electrode devices had cost-effective effect and maximum poling effect due to higher sintered density and lower porosity than MLC structured device. Also we can predict that they have an effect on good heat emission and high output properties of multilayer piezoelectric transformer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.252-253
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• 2006

The fabrication of complex-shaped parts out of Co-Cr-Mo alloy and 316L stainless steel by three-dimensional printing (3DP) was studied using two grades of each alloy with average particle size of 20 and $75\;{\mu}m$, respectively. To produce sound specimens, the proper 3DP processing parameters were determined. The sintering behavior of the powders was characterized by dilatometric analysis and by batch sintering in argon atmosphere at $1280^{\circ}$ for 2h. The 3DP process has successfully produced complex-shaped biomedical parts with total porosity of 12-25% and homogenous pore structure, which could be suitable for tissue growth into the pores.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.611-612
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• 2006

In a manufacturing technique of the sintered filter, pressureless sintering method has good permeability, it is not need the binder and lubricant used on compacting process, so it has little contamination and it is easy to control the pore size and shape but the mechanical strength is low relatively and it is difficult that parts of complicate form are manufactured. In the case of manufacturing the filter by press and sintering method, in order to be satisfactory characteristic of un-pressed filter, in this study sintered metal filter fabricated by using 30-40mesh stainless steel 316L powder and additive agents. Porosity and structure of pores, permeability and mechanical strength of the sintered filter were investigated with the variation sintering conditions. Porosity was nearly constant about $60{\sim}70%$, density, permeability and mechanical strength were changed markedly with quantity of additive materials and sintering conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.559-560
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• 2006

Powder forging is used for heavy-loaded parts (rings of rolling-contact bearings, gears etc.) production. Rolling contact fatigue is material property values of which characterize possibility of practical utilization of such parts. Rolling contact fatigue of some steels obtained out of prealloyed powders Astaloy CrM, Atomet 4601, Atomet 4901 and powder blends iron-carbon-nickel by hot forging is studied in the present paper. Effect of various kinds of heat and thermomechanical treatment on rolling contact fatigue is determined. Thermomechanical treatment provides optimal values of rolling contact fatigue. In this case steel structure contains up to 40% of retained metastable austenite which is transformed to martensite on trials. Thus typically crack is generated on residual pores and non-metallic inclusions instead of martensite zones in wrought steels.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.169-174
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• 1988

The release of heparin from monolithic devices composed of different ratios of polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide (PEO-PPO) and hydrophobic polyurethane was investigated. The release rate of heparin could be controlled by varying the PEO-PPO content. The heparin release rate from the devices increased as the content of PEO-PPO in the devices increased. The release mechanism may be associated with creation of micro-channels and pores through the devices following the change in the physical structure of the polymer network. Hydrophobic polyurethane containing PEO-PPO can provide an antithrombogenic material for prolonged release of heparin from a heparin blended system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.482-484
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• 2008

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) which prepared with two-step anodizing method (with dissimilar solutions) was used as a template to fabricate highly ordered, free standing metal nano-rods. AAO nano-template technique can realize self-organized hexagonal pore structure with nanometer dimension size, it's easy to control pore diameter, length and density by varying anodizing conditions. Ni and Ni/Fe/Cu multi-metal layer nanorods were electrochemically deposited into AAO nano-template by AC voltage in simple sulfate solutions.. The properties of samples are tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission microscopy (FE-SEM).