• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.549-565
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• 1998

Porcelain is considered to be one of the materials of choice for restoration where esthetics is of concern. But porcelain surface without final glazing treatment may induce undesirable results such as inflammatory response on adjacent soft tissues due to plaque accumulation and increased wear of opposing teeth. Therefore, rough porcelain surface must be smoothened by final glazing treatment or chairside polishing procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the surface roughness among self-glazed, overglazed and polished porcelain with various polishing kit, and to detect which phase of polishing is optimal in clinic. Specimens were fabricated with Vita VMK porcelain. The surface treatment of each group was performed as follows. Group 1 : overglazing treatment Group 2 : self-glazing treatment Group 3 : polishing with the Truluster Polishing System for Porcelain(Brasseler, U.S.A.) Group 4 : polishing with the Exa Cerapol Adjustment kit (Edenta dental products, Switzerland) followed by finishing with diamond-filled polishing paste Group 5 : polishing with the Shofu Porcelain Adjustment kit (Shofu inc., Japan) followed by finishing with diamond-filled polishing paste. At each polishing steps, the measurement of Ra and Rq values were performed, and the surface was examined by scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows : 1. Overglazing treatment brought smoother surface than self-glazing treatment. 2. Polishing systems without porcelain polishing paste did not make better result than self-glazing treatment. 3. Polishing system with porcelain polishing paste made similar result to overglazing treatment. 4. Applying diamond-filled polishing paste after using polishing system which has no porcelain polishing paste produced surface as smooth as overglazing treatment does.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.423-427
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• 2013

PURPOSE. This study evaluated the bond strength between porcelain denture teeth (Bioblend 43D) and four different polymerized denture resins (Lucitone 199, Palapress, Acron MC, Triad) with and without a bonding agent and after four different types of surface treatment (polished, HF etched, sandblasted, air-abraded). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Central incisor porcelain denture teeth were divided into 32 groups of 5 each. Tensile bond strength (MPa) was determined using a testing machine at crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Mean and standard deviation are listed. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Means were compared by Tukey-Kramer intervals at 0.05 significance level. RESULTS. All surface treatment increased bond strength compared to polished surface and the highest bond strength was found with Palapress resin with etched porcelain surface (8.1 MPa). Bonding agent improved the bond strength of all denture resins to porcelain teeth. Superior bonding was found with Palapress and air-abraded porcelain (39 MPa). CONCLUSION. Resins with different curing methods affect the bond strength of porcelain teeth to denture bases. Superior bonding was found with auto-polymerized resin (Palapress). Application of ceramic primer and bonding agent to porcelain teeth with and without surface treatment will improve the bond strength of all denture resins to porcelain teeth.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.39-49
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• 1987

This study done to evaluate some surface treatment methods in metal coping which can increase the bond strength between porcelain and metal. Therefore this experiment was performed according to the Mc Lean's Theory of bond strength between porcelain and strength between porcelain and metal. In the experiment the author measured respective thermal expansion coefficents in three types of metal(Tallasium, Vera Bond and Rexillium) and Vita Porcelain to get the differences in the coefficents between porcelain and metals. And using insteron testing machine, the author also performed Planar interface shear bond tests on the 45 specimens(15 specimens in oxide surface, rough surface and fine surface treatment methods respectively) to measure bond strength between metal and porcelain. The results Were as follows, 1. The differences in thermal expansion coefficients between three types of metal and Vita procelain: Talladium - $1.2\;10^{-6/0}\;C$, Vera Bond - $1.6\;10^{-6/0}\;C$, Rexillium - $1.9\;10^{-6/0}\;C$. 2. The bond strength in oxide surface on the Shear bond test was the lowest among the treatment methods. 3. There was no significant differences in treatment methods of rough surface of fine surface. 4. In the oxide surface treatment method, there were significant differences(P<0.05)between Vera bond and Rexillium, and between Talladium and Rexillium. 5. In the fine surface treatment, there was a significant difference(P<0.05)between Talladium and Rexillium.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.144-155
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• 1997

This study evaluated shear bond strength between porcelain and resin cement according to various surface treatments of porcelain, and surface condition of debonded porcelain. 50 porcelain specimens(Celay block A2M7) and composite resin specimens(Clearfil Photo-Bright) were prepared, and divided into 5 experimental groups according to the treatment method of porcelain surface. 5 experimental groups by surface treatments were as follows; CONTROL Group : No surface treatment was done on the surface of porcelains. SAND Group : The surface of porcelains were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide for 5 seconds. HF Group: The surface of porcelains were etched with 8% Hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes. SIL Group: The surface of porcelains were coated with silane coupling agent and heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. SAND+HF+SIL Group : The surface of porcelains were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide for 5 seconds and etched with 8% Hydrofluoric acid for 4 minutes, and coated with silane coupling agent and heated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 minutes. After surface treatments on the prepared porcelain surface two pastes of Panavia 21$^{(R)}$ were mixed, they were applied between composite resin block and porcelain surface, and then excessive resin cements were removed, and its margin was surrounded with Oxyguard II. All specimens were stored for 24 hours in water at $37^{\circ}C$ and tested with Instron testing machine between porcelains and resin cements, and debonded porcelain surfaces were observed under Scanning Electon Microscope(Hitachi S-2300) at 20kvp. The values from each group were compared statistically by Student's t-test. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The shear bond strength without surface treatment of porcelain was the lowest among all experimental groups(p<0.05). 2. The detached porcelain surface with sandblasting alone had more remarkable cracks than with only Hydrofluoric Acid or Silane coupling 2gent, but showed the lowest value of shear bond strength among surface treated groups(p<0.05), 3. When porcelain surface was treated by hydrofluoric acid, it affected shear bond strength more than silane coupling agent, but there were no significant statistical differences(p>0.05). 4. When three methods were combined to increase shear bond strength between porcelains and resin cements, its value was the highest than the others(p<0.05). 5. In Scannig Electron Micrograph of detached porcelain surface with no treatment, the sample revealed adhesive failure between the porcelain and resin cement whereas detached porcelain surface with combination of three method cohesive failure on the porcelain.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1981

Dental porcelains are widely used for restorative material because of its excellent esthetic property. But according to contact with natural teeth or metal in oral cavity, the porcelain may be worn and may effect on masticatory physiology and prosthetic function. The purpose of this experiment was to study on wear of porcelain surface which treated in different method. Using the abrasion device which was designed and constructed by myself, the different porcelain surface were abraded by gold alloy, nickel-chrome alloy and natural teeth in order to compare roughness. Results were as follows. 1. The group of porcelain abraded by gold alloy showed less surface roughness change (t=2.92, p<0.05), and the group of porcelain abraded by natural teeth had high surface roughness. change (t=6.84, p<0.05). 2. According to the method of surface treatment, the surface roughness were very significant (F=9.12, p<0.05). 3. After abrading, the porcelain surface roughness change was very significant (F=54.49, p<0.05). 4. There was no significant between surface treatment method and the kind of abrading materials. (F=1.01, p>0..05). 5. The group of natural glazing had the most smooth surface ($2.1{\pm}1.13{\mu}m$).

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.419-430
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• 2007

Purpose: This in vitro study evaluated shear bond strengths of surface treatment porcelains with four porcelain repair systems simulating intraoral bonding of composite resin to feldspathic porcelain or pressable porcelain. Material and methods: Eighty Porcelain disks were prepared. Group A: forty disk specimens were fabricated with Feldspathic Porcelain($Omega^{(R)}900$, Vident, Menlo Park, CA, USA). Group B: forty disk specimens were fabricated with Pressable Porcelain(IPS Empress 2 ingot, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein, Germany). Each groups was divided into 4 subgroups and composite resin cylinders were bonded to specimen with one of the following four systems: Clearfil Porcelain Bond(L. Morita, Tustin, CA, USA), Ulradent Porcelain Etch. (Ultradent, Salt Lake City UT, USA), Porcelain Liner-M(Sun Medical Co., Kyoto, Japan), Cimara Kit(Voco, Germany). After surface conditioning with one of the four porcelain repair systems substrate surfaces of the specimen were examined microscopically(SEM). Shear bond strengths of specimens for each subgroup were determined with a universal testing machine (5mm/min crosshead speed) after storing them in distilled water at $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Stress at failure was measured in $MP_a$, and mode of failure was recorded. Differences among four repair systems were analyzed with two way ANOVA and Duncan test at the 95% significance level. Results: In the scanning electron photomicrograph of the treated porcelain surface, hydrofluoric acid etched group appeared the highest roughness. The shear bond strength of the phosphoric acid etched group was not significantly(p>0.05) different between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain. But in no treatment and roughened with a bur group, the shear bond strength of the feldspathic porcelain was significantly higher than that of the pressable porcelain. In hydrofluoric acid etched group, the shear bond strength of the pressable porcelain was significantly higher(p<0.05). Conclusion: 1. Treatment groups showed significantly greater shear bond strengths than no treatment group(p<0.05). 2. Group with more roughened porcelain surface did not always show higher shear bond strengths. 3. In phosphoric acid etched group, there was no significant difference in shear bond strength between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain(p>0.05). However in the other groups, there were significant differences in shear bond strengths between feldspathic porcelain and pressable porcelain(p<0.05).

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 2001

This study was performed to observe the micro-structure change of surface, behavior of oxide change of element, the component transformation of the alloy and the bonding strength between the porcelain interface in order to investigate effects of indium, tin on interfacial properties of porcelain fused to low gold alloy. Hardness of castings was measured with a micro-Vicker's hardness tester. The compositional change of the surface of heat-treated specimen was analyzed with an EDS and an EPMA. The interfacial shear bonding strength between alloy specimen and fused porcelain was measured with a mechanical testing system(MTS 858.20). The results were as follows: 1) The hardness value of alloy increased as increasing amount of indium addition. 2) The formation of oxidation increased as increasing indium and tin contents after heat treatment. 3) Diffusion of indium and tin elements increased as increasing indium and tin contents in metal-porcelain surface after porcelain fused to metal firing. 4) The most interfacial shear bonding strength was increased as increasing a composition of adding elements, and a heat-treatment time, and an oxygen partial pressure. From the results of this study it was found that the addition of alloying elements such as indium and tin increase hardness of as-cast alloy, produce surface oxide layer of adding elements by heat-treatment which may improve interfacial bonding strength between alloy and porcelain.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2018

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the zirconia surface architecturing technique (ZSAT) on the bond strength between veneering porcelain and zirconia ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 20 sintered zirconia ceramic specimens were used to determine the optimal surface treatment time, and were randomly divided into 4 groups based on treatment times of 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours. After etching with a special solution, the surface was observed under scanning electron microscope, and then the porcelain was veneered for scratch testing. Sixty 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal ceramic blocks were used for tensile strength testing; 30 of these blocks were surface treated and the rest were not. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA, the Tukey post-hoc test, and independent t-test, and the level of significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. RESULTS. The surface treatment of the zirconia using ZSAT increased the surface roughness, and tensile strength test results showed that the ZSAT group significantly increased the bond strength between zirconia and veneering porcelain compared to the untreated group (36 MPa vs. 30 MPa). Optimal etching time was determined to be 2 hours based on the scratch test results. CONCLUSION. ZSAT increases the surface roughness of zirconia, and this might contribute to the increased interfacial bond strength between zirconia and veneering porcelain.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.117-127
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatment of fractured metal-ceramic crown on bond strength of porcelain repair resin. The specimens were divided into two groups for metal specimens add five groups for porcelain specimens by surface treatment methods. the metal specimens were treated by 2 methods. : micro-sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide and grinding with diamond bur. The porcelain specimens were treated by 5 methods : micro-sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide, grinding with diamond bur, etching with porcelain etching agent, combination of micro-sandblasting and etching procedure, and combination of grinding and etching procedure. After surface treatment, each specimen was bonded with composite resin and the bond strength was measured and the surface texture was observed by scanning electromicroscope(SEM). The results were as follows : 1. There was significant difference in shear bond strength between metal specimen and prorcelain specimen. 2. Bood strength of metal specimens treated with diamond bur was higher than that treated with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide sandblasting. 3. Bond strength of porcelain specimen treated with diamond bur was higher than that treated with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide sandblasting and porcelain etching agent. 4. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength between the group treated with diamond bur and combined treatment groups respectively. 5. The large undercuts were observed in group treated with diamond bur by SEM.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.445-456
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• 1999

최근에는 교육수준의 향상, 소득증대, 대중매체의 발달 등으로 인하여 성인 교정환자의 수요가 상당히 증가하고 있다. 성인환자는 어린환자에 비해 상대적으로 구강내 도재수복물을 장착하고 있는 경우가 많아 도재치에 대한 교정용 브라켓의 직접접착의 기회도 증가하고 있다. 자연치에서는 법랑질을 산부식하여 비교적 쉽게 접착력을 증진시킬 수 있으나 도재치에서는 임상에서 브라켓이 너무 쉽게 탈락하거나 오히려 도재파절의 위험성이 존재하여 도재치에 대한 효과적인 직접접착법에 대하여 관심을 갖게 되었다. 그러나, 이러한 접착효율에 대한 다양한 연구가 있었으나 아직 정설로 받아들여지는 것은 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 임상에서 비교적 간단히 이용할 수 있는 몇 가지 방법을 in vitro 상의 실험을 통하여 그 결과를 비교검토하여 효과적인 방법을 제시하고자 시행되었다. 우선 장석형 도재인 Ceramco II로 도재 시편을 제작하였다. 도재의 표면처리방법은 Glazing한 도재 자체를 사용하기 위해서는 무처리하였으며, 거칠기를 부여하기위해서는 불화수소산으로 산부식하거나 Microetcher II로 Sandblasting, 또는 불화수소산과 Sandblasting을 복합처리하였다. 접착레진은 화학중합형 인 Ortho-two와 광중합형인 Transbond를 사용하였다 모든 시편에는 도재 프라이머를 도포하였다. 실험군은 7가지 군으로 나누어 브라켓의 전단강도를 측정하였다. 1. 도재의 표면처리에 대한 비교에서 Ortho-two군내에서는 불화수소산이나 sandblasting으로 표면거칠기를 부여한 군이 무처리군에 비해 높은 전단강도를 갖는다. Transbond군내에서는 각각의 표면처리에 따른 유의성있는 차이가 없었다. 2. 불화수소산이나 Sandblasting처리군에서는 화학중합형 레진인 Ortho-two가 광중합형 레진인 Transbond보다 높은 전단강도를 갖는다. 3. 도재 파절율의 비교에서는 무처리군이 표면거칠기를 부여한 군에 비해 매우 낮은 파절율 갖는다. 4. E(Transbond+Intact)군의 평균전단강도는 134.4kg/$cm^2$ 로 본 실험군중 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 선학들이 제안한 임상적용가능 전단강도보다 크므로 7가지군 모두 임상적으로 교정력을 가하기 에 충분한 전단강도를 갖는다. 그러나, 도재의 파절율을 고려해볼 때 파절율이 상대적으로 낮은 무처리군이 임상적으로 더 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.