• 한국사회복지학
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.271-297
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• 2005

본 연구는 룩셈부르크소득연구의 가구소득자료를 이용하여 1980년대 이래 서구 복지국가에서 빈곤의 실태는 어떻게 변화하고 있는가를 분석하고, 빈곤의 변화추세를 인구집단별 및 소득원별로 분해함으로써 경제사회구조 및 공적소득이전제도의 변화가 빈곤의 추세와 어떠한 관련을 맺고 있는지를 탐색하였다. 연구결과는 먼저 대부분의 서구 복지국가에서 빈곤이 심화되는 추세에 있음을 보여 준다. 이처럼 빈곤이 심화되는 추세에 있는 것은 노령층이나 편부모가구 등 전통적으로 빈곤의 위험이 높은 인구집단이 증가하고 있는 때문만은 아니다. 노령층의 경우 연금제도 등 공적소득이전의 영향으로 인해 생산연령층에 비해 빈곤상태가 낮은 수준을 보이고 있으며 시장소득의 빈곤도 점차적으로 감소하는 추세에 있다. 편부모가구는 전반적으로 생산연령층 일반가구에 비해 빈곤의 정도가 심한 편이나 빈곤의 변화추세는 노동시장정책 및 공적소득이전제도의 차이에 따라 국가별로 크게 다르게 나타난다. 서구 복지국가에서 빈곤이 심화되는 것은 무엇보다 생산연령층 인구의 빈곤, 특히 시장소득 빈곤이 심화되고 있는데서 그 원인을 찾을 수 있다. 경제의 세계화와 노동시장 유연화에 따른 실업 및 비정규직의 증가, 저임금 노동자의 증가 등 최근의 경제환경 변화가 생산연령층 인구의 빈곤을 증가시키는 요인으로 작용할 가능성이 높은데, 이에 대한 구체적이고 깊이 있는 분석과 함께 이 계층에 대한 빈곤정책이 확대될 필요가 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.375-382
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• 2014

The competency of garlic and pennywort to improve broiler chicken growth and influence intestinal microbial communities and fatty acid composition of breast meat were studied. Two hundred forty, "day-old" chicks were randomly allocated to 4 treatment groups consisting of 6 replications of 10 chicks in each pen. The groups were assigned to receive treatment diets as follows: i) basal diet (control), ii) basal diet plus 0.5% garlic powder (GP), iii) basal diet plus 0.5% pennywort powder (PW) and iv) 0.002% virginiamycin (VM). Birds were killed at day 42 and intestinal samples were collected to assess for Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli. The pectoralis profundus from chicken breast samples was obtained from 10 birds from each treatment group on day 42 and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ for further analyses. Fatty acid profile of breast muscles was determined using gas liquid chromatography. Feed intake and weight gain of broilers fed with GP, PW, and VM were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to control. Feeding chicks GP, PW, and VM significantly reduced Escherichia coli count (p<0.05) while Lactobacillus spp count were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the gut when compared to control group on day 42. Supplemented diet containing pennywort increased the C18:3n-3 fatty acid composition of chickens' breast muscle. Garlic and pennywort may be useful in modulating broiler guts as they control the enteropathogens that help to utilize feed efficiently. This subsequently enhances the growth performances of broiler chickens.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.17-35
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• 1974

I. Subject of the Study A study on the nutritive composition and utilization of wheat or barley for the improvement in our national dietary life. II. Purpose and Importance of the Stu요 1. Korea has long depended on rice for its staple food, but a sharp increase in population in recent years has brought about the shortage of rice, which makes it inevitable to import a great quantity of foreign rice. It is considered therefore that the development and utilization of other cereals than rice is a serious and pressing problem facing Korea. 2. Wheat and barley are the second largest products next to rice in Korea and it is desired that the composition of several kinds of wheat and barley be analysed and their nutrition which rates with differing degrees of hulling process be specified. 3. In this study, the experiment has been carried out in the following order: first, seven species were selected among various kinds of wheat and barley produced in Korea to analyze their respective composition, and to determine the most ideal degree of hulling process on 5 kinds among the 7 kinds: second, ratio of mixing rice with wheat or barley is increase the nutrition value and to seek selfsufficiency in staple food supply: third, economical and reasonable way of improving the nutrition value in the national dietary life is suggested by developing a simple and easy recipe which is also to the taste of the population. III. Contents and Scope of the Study 1. Objectives of the study The objectives will come under five items.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.178-184
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• 2020

Background: Geladas (Theropithecus gelada), endemic to Ethiopia, are distributed closely related to the escarpments and gorge systems of the country, and large populations are found in the Simien Mountain National Park. This study was conducted in Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, from February 2018 to August 2019 in order to determine population size and composition of geladas. Total count method was used to estimate the population structure of geladas. Observations of the group of geladas based on body size and morphological characteristics were used to classify age and sex categories of the population. SPSS Version 20 was used to analyze the data. Chi-square test was used to compare sex ratio of geladas and population size among the counting sites between wet and dry seasons. Results: A total of 112 and 99 individual of geladas were counted during wet and dry seasons, respectively. Of the average gelada population recorded in this study, 11.4% were adult males, 30.3% were adult females, 12.8% were sub-adult males, 25.6% were sub-adult females, and 19.9% were unidentified juveniles. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the various age and sex groups of geladas counted during wet and dry season (χ² = 2.6, DF = 4, P > 0.05). Variations of group size along seasons were observed in this study. Sex ratio of adult male to adult female was 1:2.6 and 1:2.7 during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Conclusion: Very small gelada population size was recorded in the current study. An average of 105.5 geladas was recorded during the study period. As this is the first report of gelada population in escarpments of Eastern Tigray, population trend of the geladas cannot decide based on the current study.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.195-211
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• 2015

The objectives of this research were to determine mean and maximum tolerance ranges of Carassius auratus ($C_a$) and Cyprinus carpio ($C_c$) populations on various physico-chemical parameters and ecological indicator metrics. Little is known about chemical tolerance ranges of the two species, even though these species are widely distributed species in aquatic ecosystems. Maximum tolerance ranges of $C_a$-population to total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were $20.3mgL^{-1}$ and $2.0mgL^{-1}$, respectively. Optimal ranges of TN and TP in the $C_a$-population were $1.7-5.0mgL^{-1}$ and $0.06-0.30mgL^{-1}$, respectively. Such nutrient regimes of the $C_a$-population were evaluated as hypereutrophy, indicating high tolerance limits. The $C_c$-population had similar ecological characteristics to $C_a$-population, but the mean tolerance ranges of TN, TP, BOD, and COD were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than the $C_a$-population. Ecological patterns of trophic composition and tolerance guilds in the $C_a$-population were similar to those of the $C_c$-population. The model value of Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) of the habitat where C. auratus and C. carpio co-occurred averaged $15.0{\pm}4.3$ and $12.9{\pm}3.6$, respectively. Based on the modified criteria of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (Klemm et al. 1993), it indicated poor ecological health of both species. These results suggest that both species are highly tolerant to chemical and physical habitat conditions of waterbodies, and that the chemical tolerance range of $C_c$-population was higher than $C_a$-population.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.223-239
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• 2020

It is important for urban planners and policy makers to understand complex, diverse urban demands and social structure, but this is not easy due to lack of data that represents the dynamics of residents at micro-geographical level. This paper explores how to create population data at at a micro-level by allocating population data to building. It attempted to allocate population data stored in a grid layer (100 meters by 100 meters) into a building footprint layer that represents the appearance of physical buildings. For the allocation, this paper describes a systemic approach that classifies grid cells into five prototypical patterns based on the composition of residential building types in a grid cell. This approach enhances allocation accuracy by accommodating heterogeneity of urban space rather than relying on the assumption of uniform spatial homogeneity of populations within an aerial unit. Unlike the methods that disaggregate population data to the parcel, this approach is more applicable to Asian cities where large multifamily residential parcels are common. However, it should be noted that this paper does not demonstrate the validity of the allocated population since there is a lack of the actual data available to be compared with the current estimated population. In the case of water and electricity, the data is already attached to an individual address, and hence, it can be considered to the purpose of the validation for the allocation. By doing so, it will be possible to identify innovative methods that create a population distribution dataset representing the comprehensive and dynamic nature of the population at the micro geographical level.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 1995

1970-1990년 사이 연령별 인구구성비에 의한 청주시의 동 유형의 변화를 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 점이 밝혀졌다. \circled1 연령별 인구구성비에 의한 유형의 공간적 분포는, 1970 년에는 도심과 그 인접지역이 동심원패턴을, 주변지역은 선형패턴을 나타내었으나, 1980년에 는 도심의 인접지역과 주변지역이 선형패턴을 나타내었다. 1990년에는 도심과 그 인접지역 이 원형으로, 주변지역은 세분된 선형패턴으로 나타났다. \circled2 연령별 인구구성비에 의한 유형 의 변화는 1970년대에는 미학령 연령층과 35-49세의 장년충 인구구성비가, 1980년대에는 유.소년층과 40-49세, 55-64세의 장년층, 70-79세, 85세 이상 노년층의 연령구성비가 유형 의 공간적 변화를 가져왔다고 할 수 있다. 이와 같은 변화가 주로 나타난 지역은 도심과 주 변지역이다. \circled3 연령별 인구구성비에 의한 유형의 변화가 나타난 원인은 제조업의 발달로 인구가 증가함에 따라 도심의 인접지역이나 주변지역에 신흥 단독주택과 아파트가 많이 건 설되어 이들 지역에 청년층의 인구가 전입하여 본래 거주하고 있던 노년층과 혼재되었기 때 문이다.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2010

본 연구는 최근 다수 도시개발사업들이 활발히 진행되고 있는 화성시 동부권을 사례대상지로하여 행정구역 단위 인구데이터를 격자형 인구분포자료로 변환한 후 인구유인을 유발할 것으로 예상되는 주요 도시계획관련 공간변수들을 GIS로 측정 대입하여 제네틱 알고리즘기법과 회귀분석기법 두 가지 방법으로 일종의 도시인구분포모형을 구축하였다. 두 가지 모형의 분석결과를 통해 도시환경 해석에 있어서의 두 기법의 성능상 특장점을 비교해 보았으며, 분석결과 GA기법은 변수 설명력에 관한 변별력에 있어 일반회귀분석보다 우월한 특징이 있음을 알 수 있었고 따라서 회귀분석과 병행할 경우 매우 직관적이며 보완적인 도시분석기법이 될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.697-704
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• 1995

Chicken calvarial bone is known to contain various cell types, but their exact composition is unknown. By characterizing the chicken calvarial bone biochemically, it can be used to study biochemical, histochemical actions of bone cells in general. Calvaria of 18-day-old white leg horn embryo was aseptically dissected and bone cell populations were isolated by sequential enzymatic digestion. Histochemical study for osteoclast-like bone cell. population was performed with tartrate resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP) stain and for osteoblast-like bone cell population, alkaline phosphatase(ALP) stain was performed. Biochemical study for osteoblast-like bone cell population was performed using alkaline phosphatase(ALP) assay. Following conclusions were obtained from this study. 1. TRAP positive multi and mononuclear cells were mostly observed in group I and II, indicating that osteoclast-like bone cell population is mostly found in these groups. 2. All the cultured groups showed almost equal ALP activities and were positive for ALP stain, indicating that osteoblast-like bone cell population is evenly dispersed in all culture groups. 3. Experimental group treated with $1,25(OH)_{2}D_3$ showed increase in ALP activity in contrast to the control group, confirming previous studies that $1,25(OH)_{2}D_3$ increases ALP activities in in vitro bone cultures. 4. Results from von Kossa's stain indicated that in vitro bone formation had occured after 3 weeks of culture with beta-glycero phosphate.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.297-304
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• 2019

Background: The growing wild boar population has become a social issue and its feeding characteristics could affect the physical condition and the plant species composition in the South Korean forests. We aimed to reveal the preference of the wild boar on forest type and site condition as feeding grounds in two cool-temperate forested national parks, Odaesan and Seoraksan, in order to provide information to manage the growing population. Results: The 75 plots (53.6%) out of 140 plots were used as feeding grounds by the wild boar, implying a considerably large population. Especially, the observation frequency as feeding ground was the highest in Quercus forests (73.3%), and it was significantly more preferred than deciduous forest type (44.2%) and coniferous forest type (32.4%) (${\chi}^2=17.591$, p < 0.001). Significantly more and deeper pits were found in Quercus forests. Moreover, high elevation and gentle slope ridge were relatively preferred regardless of forest distribution. Conclusions: South Korean forests are growing qualitatively and quantitatively. Particularly, Quercus forest area has increased markedly, while coniferous forest area has decreased. Since the Quercus forest provides rich food sources for the wild boar, the enlargement of this forest type is expected to increase the wild boar population. The forests located at high elevations have high species diversity, and it is expected that these forests will be greatly affected by the increase in the wild boar population as preferred feeding grounds.