• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.330-335
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the anti-diabetic mechanism of crude polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa. We treated 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells to observe whether the crude polysaccharides isolated from Grifola frondosa would stimulate insulin sensitivity. Significant insulin sensitizing activity was observed in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and giving the crude polysaccharide of Grifola frondosa with 1 nM of insulin caused glucose uptake to increase to a similar level as giving 50 nM of insulin alone. To confirm the mechanism for the anti-diabetic effect of the crude polysaccharides, we performed further examinations within $KK-A^{y}$ mice, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. The crude polysaccharides reduced blood glucose levels in the $KK-A^{y}$ mice for 2 weeks after feeding, and also significantly lowered plasma insulin levels. These results suggest that the anti-diabetic mechanism of the crude polysaccharide of Grifola frondosa is related to the enhancement of insulin sensitivity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1035-1043
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• 2014

To investigate the effect of dietary Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) on growth performance, immunity, blood parameters and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in immunologically challenged piglets, an experiment employing $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement concerning dietary ASPS treatment (0 or 800 mg/kg) and immunological challenge (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or saline injection) was conducted with 64 crossbred piglets (weaned at 28 d of age, average initial body weight of $7.25{\pm}0.21kg$) assigned to two dietary ASPS treatments with 8 replicates of 4 pigs each. Half of the piglets of per dietary treatment were injected with LPS or saline on d 14. Blood samples were obtained at 3 h after immunological injection on d 14 and piglets were slaughtered to obtain spleen samples on d 21. Dietary ASPS did not affect average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.634), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.655), and gain:feed (p = 0.814) prior to LPS challenge. After LPS challenge, for LPS-challenged pigs those fed ASPS had higher ADG and ADFI than the non-supplemented group (p<0.05), and an interaction between $LPS{\times}ASPS$ was observed on the two indices (p<0.05). Dietary ASPS improved lymphocyte proliferation among saline-injected and LPS-injected pigs (p<0.05). Interaction between $LPS{\times}ASPS$ was also revealed on lymphocyte proliferation (p<0.05). Circulatory concentration of IgG was influenced neither by ASPS (p = 0.803) or LPS (p = 0.692), nor their interaction (p = 0.289). Plasma concentration and spleen mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ were induced to increase (p<0.05) by LPS challenge, in contrast, these indices were decreased by dietary ASPS (p<0.05), and interactions were found on these cytokines (p<0.05). For LPS-challenged pigs, dietary ASPS also reduced the circulating concentration and spleen mRNA expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 as well as TNF-${\alpha}$ (p<0.05). The interaction between $LPS{\times}ASPS$ was also observed on the circulating concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I, ${\alpha}$-acid glycoprotein (${\alpha}$-AGP), nonesterified fatty acid, and glucose (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that dietary ASPS can modulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during immunological challenge, which might enable piglets to achieve better growth performance.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate changes in the flesh firmness, evolution of ethylene, cell wall components, and degradation and solubilization of polyuronide(PU) and polysaccharide(PS) in green(GP) and mature persimmon(MP) fruits according to testing time of ethylene(50${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ ). When ethylene was treated in GP and MP, flesh firmness rapidly decreased and it was decreased more GP than MP. When ethylene were treated for 12 hours in GP, production of ethylene began after 3 days. The amount of ethylene product was maximum 16,000 ${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ at 24 hours of ethylene treatment. However, ethylene was not producted until 7 days after 24 hours ethylene treatment at MP. The content of pectic substances decreased in the distilled- water, 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$,4M and 8M KOH-soluble fractions during softening according to increasing time of ethylene treatment. Arabinose and galactose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 0.05M CDTA and 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$-soluble pectic fractions. Glucose, galactose and xylose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 4M KOH- soluble hemicellulosic fraction. High molecular of PU and PS were degraded and solubilized in the distilled-water, 0.05M CDTA 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$ and 4M KOH-soluble fractions during time of ethylene treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.559-566
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• 2017

This aim of this study was to examine the immunomodulatory activities of crude polysaccharides from Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo (PCP) in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) and splenocytes. The immunomodulatory activity was determined by cell viability, nitric oxide (NO) production, cell surface marker expression (CD 80/86 and MHC class I/II), and cytokine production in BMDC, and cell viability, and cytokine production in splenocytes. Cell proliferation and cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor; TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-12) tested in BMDC were significantly increased by PCP treatment. Additionally, the cell surface markers (CD 80/86, MHC class I/II) were highly increased by PCP treatment. For cytokine production in splenocytes, PCP treatment significantly increased the production of Th 1 cytokines [IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$], but not Th 2 cytokines (IL-4). Therefore, PCP can induce immune cell activation and is a potential candidate for the development of nutraceuticals to boost the immune system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.549-554
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• 2023

Korean ginseng has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine as an overall wellness supplement. Red ginseng (Ginseng Radix Rubra) is produced by steaming the roots, followed by drying. Soft red ginseng is produced using a new processing technology. This study investigated whether soft red ginseng differs from raw and hard red ginseng in its physicochemical composition. Results showed that the total phenol content of raw ginseng was 2.96 mg/g at 80℃ and 3.47 mg/g at 160 ℃. Meanwhile, the total phenols of hard and soft red ginseng were 4.12 mg/g and 4.18 mg/g at 160℃, respectively. The total phenol contents of raw, hard red, and soft red ginseng revealed a statistically significant difference (p>0.05). The total flavonoid contents of raw, hard red, and soft red ginseng were 2.62 mg/g, 3.97 mg/g, and 3.83 mg/g at 160℃, respectively. Among the three samples, soft red ginseng had the highest total sugar content at 160℃. The acidic polysaccharide contents of both soft and hard red ginseng were much higher than that of raw ginseng (49%-58%). Significant differences were observed among raw, hard red, and soft red ginseng (p<0.001). Soft red ginseng exhibited higher phenol content (25%), total flavonoid content (49%), and total sugar content (45%) than raw ginseng.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2017

Beta-glucan is a polymerized polysaccharide on beta-1,3 chemical bonds. It has the main pharmacological action of various anticancer mushrooms and is colorless and odorless. In addition, it enhances phagocytosis of macrophages against mycobacterium tuberculosism and increases resistance of host against food poisoning bacteria. Owing to these advantages, beta-glucan was used in various health supplement foods such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. Our study was aimed to investigate the effective components of beta-glucan, which was optimized via the contents of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. First, the mixture ratio condition of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran were respectively 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10. The raw materials were fabricated using hot water extraction method. Distilled water of 100 mL was added to the raw material and extracted. After the extraction processed, the content of effective components was analyzed. The absorbance of beta-glucan was measured using a beta-glucan kit (Megazyme, (1-3) (1-4) BETA-D-GLUCAN ASSAY KIT). The absorbance analysis was repeated three times for accurate analysis. After the extracts were lyophilized, the yields of extracted raw materials according to the mixture ratio conditions of Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, and 0:10) were respectively 33.1%, 34.5%, 35.3%, 30.7%, and 24.3%. The absorbance was 1.52, 1.47, 1.50, 1.79, and 1.56, respectively. As a result, the optimum ratio of beta-glucan is 3:7 at Sarcodon aspratus and rice bran. This study suggested that the optimal amount of beta-glucan could be used as a health supplement foods and food additive such as immune boosters, hypotensive agent and hypoglycemic agent. However, the new condition (temperature, time) of hot water extraction to maximize the content of beta-glucan could be considered, could be necessary to compare with the existing extracts.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2001

This study was carried out to get the basic information for the submerged culture and analyze the biochemical components of Naematoloma sublateritium mycelia. The optimal temperature, pH, agitation speed and cultural time for the mycelial growth of Naematoloma sublateritium were $25^{\circ}C$, 5.5, 150rpm and 20 days, respectively. The proximate composition of mycelia was as follows; carbohydrate 55.8% (total sugar 48.7%), crude protein 22.4%, fat 4.1 % and ash 4.7% respectively. Among the free amino acid contents, phenylalanine, alanine and lysine were predominant component. The linoleic acid and palmitic acid were found to be the highest among the free fatty acids. The biopolymer extracts of mycelia was identified to be protein-bounded polysaccharide by color reaction and sepharose CL-4B gel chromatography.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 2005

Barley plants growing in the wet paddy field easily encounter suboptimal oxygen concentration in the rhizosphere that causes molecular oxygen deficiency in root cells. The capacity of root cells to utilize energy sources is known to be positively related to resistance to hypoxia stress. This study was conducted to investigate effects of hypoxia on enzymes involved in the starch and sucrose metabolism. Barley seedlings at the third leaf stage were subjected to hypoxia (1 ppm dissolved oxygen) by purging the culture solution with nitrogen gas for up to seven days. The protein content was slightly decreased by hypoxia for 7 days. $\alpha-Amylase$ activities increased significantly in the root but not in the shoot after 3 to 7 days of hypoxia. $\beta-Amylase$ activities were not affected significantly in both tissues. Additionally, sucrose synthase activities were affected little in both tissues by 7 days of hypoxia. The results indicate that root cells activate break­down of polysaccharide reserves in response to an acute hypoxia to supply energy sources for fermentative glycolysis and cell wall fortification.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 1992

Hepatoprotective effects of polysaccharides extracted from liquid cultured mycelia were screened by measuring the glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity of the primary cultured rat hepatocytes intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride. Sixty among 75 isolates of higher fungi showed to be hepatoprotective effect, and these were 13 of Ganoderma lucidum, 5 of Lentinus edodes, 1 of Pleurotus ostereatus, 4 of Coriolus versicolor, 2 of Lyophyllum spp., 7 of Grifora frondosa, 3 of Agaricus spp., 14 of Schizophyllum commune and 11 of Cordyceps spp.. Especially, 10 isolates, Ganoderma lucidum IY003 and IY009, Lentinus edodes IY103, Lyophyllum sp. IY402, Agaricus sp. IY701 and IY703, Schizophyllum commune IY804, IY810 and IY818, Cordyceps sp. IY902, were indicated below 80% of glutamic pyruvate transaminase activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.1079-1083
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• 2015

Activating macrophage cells play an important role in the host immune defense system. In this paper, immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Jubak (JPS) in macrophage cells were investigated. Immuno-modulatory activities were estimated based on cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production, degree of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. JPS (62.5 to $250{\mu}g/mL$) did not induce a cytotoxic event. Additionally, NO and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-6) production significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ increased upon JPS treatment. Therefore, our results suggest that polysaccharides separated from Jubak can induce macrophage activation through MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling and induction of Th1 polarization.