• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.310-313
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• 1996

Acute oral toxicity studies of KDRD-002 (Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide :DDB= 19.2:1) were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. In this study, we daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and pathological examinations for 7 days after single oral administration of KDRD-002 with different dose levels. KDRD-002 did not show any toxic effect in rats and oral LD$_{50}$ value was over 3.25 g/kg in rats.s.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.230-235
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• 1987

Antitumor and antimicrobial activities of water soluble fractions of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) and Focke (Rosaceae), have been studied. The contents of total polysaccharide were 22% and its composition was identified by G.C.: L-arabinose(Rt: 7.71), D-xylose (Rt. 9.91), D-glucuronic acid (Rt. 12.77), D-fructose (Rt. 13.63), D-galactose (Rt. 14.68), D-glucose (Rt. 15.42). The antimicrobial activity of Duchesnea indica against four bacterial species, S. aureus, S. paratyphi, S. dysenteriae and Ps. aeruginosa was observed.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-77
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• 1984

Anti-coagulant activities of 25 species of medicinal plants which have been related to "blood" in ethnobotany, were evaluated by plasma recalcification time test. Among these, Artemisiae Herba showed the strongest activity. Its anti-clotting component was purified by using DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Its active compound has an average molecular weight of approximately $10^{4}$ and it was turned to be an acidic polysaccharide composed of galacturonic acid and rhamnose (7 : 2) by chemical analysis and spectral data.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.286-294
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• 2009

Heteropolysaccharides isolated from liquid cultures of nine Tremella species contained 0.3 to 1.2% protein, 2.7 to 5% ash, 0.9 to 3.4% acetyl groups, 76.5 to 84.2% carbohydrates and trace amounts of starch. The polysaccharides in aqueous solution were slightly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.6). They consisted of the following monomeric sugars: fucose, ribose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, glucose and glucuronic acid. The backbones of the polysaccharide structures consisted of $\alpha$-(1$\rightarrow$3)-links while the side chains were $\beta$-linked.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.930-936
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• 2017

The flocculating properties of bioflocculant Biopol32 produced by Pseudomonas sp. GP32 were investigated for application in industrial wastewater treatment. The major flocculating substance of bioflocculant Biopol32 was identified as polysaccharide. Many anionic flocculants need a counter ion to induce higher flocculating activity. The flocculating activity of bioflocculant Biopol32 was markedly increased by the addition of cationic ions ($Ca^{2+}$, $Al^{3+}$). The flocculating activity of bioflocculant Biopol32 was the most effective when 7.0 mM $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ as coflocculant was added. The flocculating activity on the effect of pH and the temperature of the bioflocculant Biopol32 was compared with anionic commercial flocculant (polyacrylamide) and bioflocculant (zooglan from Zoogloea ramigera). In kaolin suspension, the highest flocculating activity was obtained at the bioflocculant Biopol32 concentration of 1.5 mg/l. A high flocculating activity was observed in the pH range of 5.0 to 8.0. The flocculating activity of bioflocculant Biopol32 was sustained up to $60^{\circ}C$, but decreased rapidly at over $70^{\circ}C$. In the batch culture, the charge density of bioflocculant Biopol32 was compared with flocculating activity. The larger the anionic charge density and apparent viscosity of bioflocculant Biopol32, the higher the flocculating activity. Therefore, we confirmed that the flocculating activity and apparent viscosity of bioflocculant Biopol32 was closely related to the charge density of bioflocculant Biopol32.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.286-290
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• 2013

Purpose: Although chronic and recurrent rhinosinusitis is prevalent in children, little is known about its causes. Here, we investigated the humoral immunity in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis. Methods: We examined 16 children attending the outpatient clinic at the CHA Bundang Medical Center including 11 boys and 5 girls, aged 3-11 years (mean age, 5.6 years), who had rhinosinusitis for >3 months or >3 times per year. The complete blood count with differential and total serum concentrations of Immunoglobulin (Ig) E, IgA, IgD, IgM, IgG, and IgG subclasses ($IgG_1$, $IgG_2$, $IgG_3$, and $IgG_4$) of all children were measured. All subjects received 23-polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccination (PPV), and the levels of antibodies to 5 serologic types (4, 6B, 14, 18C, and 23F) of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antigens were measured before and after vaccination. Post-PPV antibody titers ${\geq}0.35{\mu}g/mL$ or with a ${\geq}4$-fold increase were considered as positive responses. Results: The titers of IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgM were within normal range in all 16 children, whereas the total IgE concentration was higher than normal in 2 children. $IgG_1$ deficiency was observed in 1 patient and $IgG_3$ deficiency in 3. After PPV, 1 patient failed to respond to all 5 serologic types, 2 failed to respond to 4 serologic types, and 2 failed to respond to 3 serologic types. Conclusion: Clinicians should consider the evaluation of humoral immune functions in children with chronic or recurrent rhinosinusitis who do not respond to prolonged antibiotic treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Based on the genomic analysis of Thermococcus pacificus P-4, we identified a putative GH1 ${\beta}$-glucosidase-encoding gene (Tpa-glu). The gene revealed a 1,464 bp encoding 487 amino acid residues, and the deduced amino acid residues exhibited 77% identity with Pyrococcus furiosus ${\beta}$-glucosidase (accession no. NP_577802). The gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli system. The recombinant protein was purified by metal affinity chromatography and characterized. Tpa-Glu showed optimum activity at pH 7.5 and $75^{\circ}C$, and thermostability with a half life of 6 h at $90^{\circ}C$. Tpa-Glu exhibited hydrolyzing activity against various pNP-glycopyranosides, with kcat/Km values in the order of pNP-${\beta}$-glucopyranoside, pNP-${\beta}$-galactopyranoside, pNP-${\beta}$-mannopyranoside, and pNP-${\beta}$-xylopyranoside. In addition, the enzyme exhibited exo-hydrolyzing activity toward ${\beta}$-1,3-linked polysaccharide (laminarin) and ${\beta}$-1,3- and ${\beta}$-1,4-linked oligosaccharides. This is the first description of an enzyme from hyperthermophilic archaea that displays exo-hydrolyzing activity toward ${\beta}$-1,3-linked polysaccharides and could be applied in combination with ${\beta}$-1,3-endoglucanase for saccharification of laminarin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1760-1768
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• 2020

Vibrio cholerae, cause of the life-threatening diarrheal disease cholera, can be divided into different serogroups based on the structure of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which consists of lipid-A, core-polysaccharide and O-antigen polysaccharide (O-PS). The O1 serogroup, the predominant cause of cholera, includes two major serotypes, Inaba and Ogawa. These serotypes are differentiated by the presence of a single 2-O-methyl group in the upstream terminal perosamine of the Ogawa O-PS, which is absent in the Inaba O-PS. To ensure the consistent quality and efficacy of the current cholera vaccines, accurate measurement and characterization of each of these two serotypes is highly important. In this study, we efficiently screened a phage-displayed human synthetic Fab library by bio-panning against Ogawa LPS and finally selected three unique mAbs (D9, E11, and F7) that specifically react with Ogawa LPS. The mAbs bound to Vibrio cholerae vaccine in a dose-dependent fashion. Sequence and structure analyses of antibody paratopes suggest that IgG D9 might have the same fine specificity as that of the murine mAbs, which were shown to bind to the upstream terminal perosamine of Ogawa O-PS, whereas IgGs F7 and E11 showed some different characteristics in the paratopes. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the generation of Ogawa-specific mAbs using phage display technology. The mAbs will be useful for identification and quantification of Ogawa LPS in multivalent V. cholerae vaccines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.1621-1628
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• 2015

The immune system plays an important role in maintaining and protecting human health. In the present study, comparison of immuno-modulatory activities between polysaccharides (SFP) and ethanol (SFE) extracts separated from Sargassum fulvellum in macrophages and murine splenocytes were investigated. Immuno-modulatory activities of macrophages were estimated based on cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cytokine production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and lipopolysaccharide was used as a positive control. SFP and SFE treatment did not affect cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, and SFP treatment significantly increased NO and cytokine production ($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and $IL-1{\beta}$), whereas SFE did not contribute to the increase in NO and cytokine production. In the case of splenocytes, SFP treatment increased splenocyte proliferation and also highly increased production of Th-1 type cytokines (IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$) than those of SFE. Through this study, we confirmed that immuno-modulatory activities of Sargassum fulvellum may be due to polysaccharide extracts and this can be a potential nutraceutical.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 1999

To study the antigenicity of BR92021(Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine), active systemic ana-phylaxis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis were tested in guinea pigs. The groups were as follows: group I(low dose, 30 $\mu\textrm{l}$/kg), group II(high dose, 300 $\mu\textrm{l}$/kg), group III(300 $\mu\textrm{l}$/kg plus complete Freund's adjuvant), group IV(positive control, ovalbumin plus complete Freund's adjuvant) and group V(saline-treated control). Male Hartley guinea pigs at 7 weeks of age were sensitized subcutaneously with the test article or saline three times per week for three weeks(j.e., total 9 times). For groups III and IV, animals were sensitized subcutaneously with either the test article or ovalbumin plus complete Freund's adjuvant once per three week for 6 weeks(i.e., total 3 times). Twelve days after the last sensitization, the blood was collected from the sensitized animals for the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. In addition, the sensitized animals were subjected to the active systemic anaphylaxis test on fourteen days after the last sensitization by an intravenous challenge with either the test article or ovalbumin. In group I, mild(1/5) or moderate(4/5) symptoms of anaphylactic shock were observed. In group II, no sign(1/5), moderate(3/5) and severe(1/5) symptoms were observed. In group III, four animals of revealed moderate signs and one of 5 showed no signs of anaphylactic shock. In group IV, all 5 animals showed severe signs of shock. In group V, one of 5 revealed moderate and four of 5 showed no signs. The necropsy findings related to the active systemic anaphylaxis were observed in most animals of groups I to V In the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test, the antiserum was diluted 10- to 5120- fold and was injected intradermally on the clipped back of recipient animals, followed by an intravenous challenge with either the test article or ovalbumin. No animals in groups I, II, III and V showed the positive reaction, whereas all animals in group IV, the positive control, showed the positive reaction at the dilution range of x1280 to x5120. Our results indicate that the test article, BR92021, may have weak antigenic potential in male guinea pigs.