• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.661-667
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• 2005

Since conflicting results have been reported on non-specific immune response in type 1 diabetes, this study evaluates polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) functions in the infection free Long Evan diabetic rats (type 1) by using tests that include: polarization assay, phagocytosis of baker's yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction. Polarization assay showed that neutrophils from diabetic rats were significantly activated at the basal level compared to those from the controls (p < 0.001). After PMN activation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP), control neutrophils were found to be more polarized than those of the diabetic neutrophils and the highest proportions of polarization were found to be 67% and 57% at $10^{-7}\;M$ FMLP, respectively. In the resting state, neutrophils from the diabetic rats reduced significantly more NBT dye than that of the controls (p < 0.001). The percentages of phagocytosis of opsonized yeast cells by the neutrophils from control and diabetic rats were 87% and 61%, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Evaluation of the phagocytic efficiency of PMNs revealed that control neutrophils could phagocytose $381{\pm}17$ whereas those from the diabetic rats phagocytosed $282{\pm}16$ yeast cells, and the efficiency of phagocytosis varied significantly (p < 0.001). Further, both the percentages of phagocytosis and the efficiency of phagocytosis by the diabetic neutrophils were inversely related with the levels of their corresponding plasma glucose (p = 0.02; r = -0.498 and p < 0.05; r = -0.43, respectively), which indicated that increased plasma glucose reduced the phagocytic ability of neutrophils. Such relationship was not observed with the control neutrophils. These data clearly indicate that PMN functions are altered in the streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetic rats, and hyperglycemia may be the cause for the impairment of their functions leading to many infectious episodes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.889-893
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• 2003

Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential of Enrofloxacin was studied in bovine sub clinical mastitis (SCM). The therapeutic efficacy was adjudged by Somatic cell count and Total bacterial count of the milk, whereas, the immuno modulatory potential of the drug was assessed by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) and acid phosphates (ACP) enzyme level in the milk leukocytes. Forty-five cows were divided into three equal groups. Gr I consisting 15 cows served as healthy control, whereas, 30 cows (SCM), Gr II and Gr III, selected on the basis of California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive reaction. Gr II cows received 150 mg of Enrofloxacin, once a day for three days and Gr.III received sterile 5 ml PBS (pH 7.4) for 7days, both the treatment were given by intramammary route. The observation was made up to 30 days post-treatment (PT). The CMT of the healthy milk was negative (0), whereas, it ranged between 1 point score and 2 point score in SCM. The Somatic cell count (SCC) and Total bacterial count (TBC) decreased significantly (p<0.05) on day 3 PT in GrII cows in Enrofloxacin treated group, however, such changes were insignificant in PBS treated group. Traces of MPO and ACP enzyme were found in the healthy milk. The mean ACP level enhanced by 70% on day 3 PT in GrII and only 18.7% in Gr. III cows. The mean MPO level enhanced to 32% in Gr. II and 18 % in Gr. III cows on day 3 PT. Concomitant use of Enrofloxacin in SCM at sub optimal dose was found to reduce the bacterial load by increasing the bactericidal enzyme level in the milk polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in bovine SCM, which indicates its immunomodulatory potential in mastitis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.158-165
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• 2002

Background: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) can cause contact allergy and occupational asthma, but the mechanism underlying sensitization to this chemical compound remains controversal. Also the correlation of mast cell with contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and the role of mast cell in the TDI-induced CHS is unknown. This issue was investigated by administrating TDI on the skin of genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/$J-Kit^{W}/Kit^{W-v}$ ($W/W^{V}$) and congenic normal WBB6F1/J-Kit+/+ (+/+) mice. Methods: To development of animal model of TDI-induced CHS and to investigate the correlation of mast cell with CHS and the role of mast cell in the TDI-induced CHS, $W/W^V$ and +/+ mice were sensitized with TDI on the back skin at day 1 and day 8, and then challenged with 1% TDI on the ear at day 15. At 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after 1% TDI challenge, the ear thicknesses were measured. It was investigated the histologic changes of dermis in the ear of $W/W^V$ and +/+ mice at 24 hours after 1% TDI challenge. Results: TDI induced a significant ear swelling response in $W/W^V$ and +/+ mice. TDI induced the significant infiltrations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils in $W/W^V$ and +/+ mice, but not of mast cells in normal mice. And TDI increased a characteristic extent of mast cell degranulation in normal mice. There were no significant differences in the ear swelling and the infiltrations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils of normal versus $W/W^V$ mice, either at baseline or after TDI-induced CHS. Conclusion: From the above results, TDI can be used as a murine CHS model, and the mast cells may not be essential in TDI-induced CHS.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.393-399
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• 2006

Ketamine, one of general anesthetics for human and veterinary use, is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist which interferes with the action of excitatory amino acids. It has been reported to impair various leukocyte functions. In this study, the effect of ketamine on the oxidative burst activity (OBA) of canine peripheral blood leukocytes was examined. The OBA of canine peripheral blood phagocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry system. Ketamine at higher concentration such as $1,000{\mu}M$ exhibited a low viability of leukocytes. Thus, ketamine was used at concentration of 10 to $500{\mu}M$ showing no cytotoxic effect and high cell viability. The OBA of leukocytes in the presence or absence of latex beads was analyzed by addition of dihydrorhodamine 123. The direct treatment of ketamine revealed the inhibitory effect on the OBA of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and monocyte-rich cells but not peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the presence of latex beads. However, when latex beads were not added to PMN, its OBA was not inhibited by ketamine. The OBA of PMN and monocyte-rich cells but not PBMC in the presence of latex beads was also inhibited by culture supernatant from ketamine-treated- PBMC but not -PMN. But the OBA of PMN in the absence of latex beads was not inhibited by culture supernatant from PBMC treated with ketamine. Therefore, these results suggested that ketamine has the inhibitory effect on the OBA of canine peripheral blood phagocytes such as neutrophils and monocytes during phagocytic response.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.437-442
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• 2003

To examine the in vivo immunostimulating effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in pigs, the change of peripheral blood cells and the phagocytic response of phagocytes were evaluated. Spayed male pigs, 80 kg of average body weight, fed a diet containing either 0.5% 10t-12c CLA or 0.5% CLA mixture (mostly 9c-11t CLA and 10t-12c CLA) for 4 weeks. The change of blood cell values (PCV, WBC, differential count of WBC) and the phagocytic activities of phagocytes were evaluated on week 0, 2, 4, and 5, respectively. There were no change in the PCV values regardless of CLA supplement. The number of WBC, especially neutrophils, in pigs fed a diet with CLA was significantly increased (p<0.05 to 0.01) when compared with control pigs fed a diet without CLA. The phagocytosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (MNC) and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) were analyzed by a flow cytometry system. There was no change in the phagocytic activity of MNC and monocyte-rich cells regardless of CLA supplement. However, the phagocytic activity of PMN composed by approximately 95% neutrophils was remarkably increased (p < 0.05 to 0.01) on week 2, 4, and 5 as compared wth control pigs. These results suggested that supplement of CLA into pigs induces the increase of neutrophil number and the enhancement of neutrophil phagocytosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2004

1,2-benzopyrone has been shown to affect on the activation and stimulation of macrophage. To examine the immunostimulating effect of 1,2-benzopyrone on the phagocytic response of canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as well as polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), the phagocytic activity of phagocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry system using FITC-labelled latex. The 1,2-benzopyrone did not show any direct effect on phagocytic response of PBMC and PMN. But it showed an enhanced effect on the phagocytic response of monocyte-rich cells fractioned by cell size from dot plot profile in flowcytometric cytography of PBMC. The phagocytic activity of these cells was also enhanced by addition of culture supernatant from PBMC treated with 1,2-benzopyrone. Similarly, the phagocytic activity of PMN but not PBMC in the same procedures was enhanced by culture supernatant from PBMC treated with 1,2-benzopyrone. However, the culture supernatant from PMN treated with 1.2-benzopyrone did not show the enhancing effect on phagocytic activity for monocyte-rich cells and PMN. These results, therefore, suggested that enhanced phagocytic activity of canine peripheral blood PMN and monocytes may be mainly mediated by humoral factor(S) released from PBMC treated with 1,2-benzopyrone.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.14-28
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• 1991

The present study was designed in order to clarify ultrastructural characteristies of the spermatogenetic process and to examine survival state of the spermatozoa introduced into the female reproductive tract after autumnal coitus in the Korean greater horseshoe bats(Rhinolophus ferrumeguinum korai). The general morphological characteristics of spermatogenesis were principally similar to those of the other mammalian species; acrosomal formation, flagellar formation, middle piece formation and concentration of the spermatozoan nucleus. The spermatozoa introduced into the vagina were found to be dead forming a vaginal plug, the opaque central core of which consisted of trapped dead spermatozoa. Some spermatozoa introduced into the uterus were observed to be phagocytized by the polymorphonuclear leucocytes infiltrated into the uterine glandular lumen. The oviductal epithelium, consisted of ciliated and secretory cells; the luminal surface of secretory cells were covered by a number of microvilli with well developed glycocalyx, suggesting a close relationship to nutrient (e.g. glycogen) supply for the spermatozoa during hibernation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2000

고양이 말초혈액 다형핵백혈구 (PMN)의 유주활성에 있어서 계난백유래물질 (EWD)의 면역증강 효과를 검토하였다. PMN의 유주활성은 EWD 그 자체 및 EWD로 배양한 PMN의 배양상층액에서는 활성이 존재하지 않았다. 그러나 EWD로 배양한 MNC 배양상층액에서는 PMN에 대한 유주활성이 증가되었다. 본 활성은 checkerboard assay를 통해 진성 유주활성으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 고양이 PMN 유주활성은 human recombinant interleukin-8(hr IL-8)에 의해서도 증가되었다. IL-8의 또 다른 특성인 세포 형태변형 실험에서도 EWD로 배양한 MNC의 배양상층액과 hr IL-8 모두에서 높은 수준의 세포 형태변형효과를 나타내었다. 이와 같이 EWD로 배양한 MNC의 배양상층액과 hr IL-8 모두에서 증가된 PMN의 유주활성 및 세포변형효과는 anti-human IL-8mAb에 의해 농도의존적으로 억제되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 EWD는 고양이 PMN의 유주활성에 있어서 면역증강 효과가 있으며, 이것은 EWD에의해 활성화된 MNC에서 분비되는 IL-8양 유주성 인자에 의해 PMN의 유주활성 증가 및 세포 형태 변형이 일어나는 것으로 사료되었다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.116-123
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• 1998

고양이 말초혈액 탐식세포(단핵구세포(MNC) 및 다형핵백혈구(PMNC))의 탐식능 에 있어서 인삼 saponin(ginseng total saponin(G75), ginseng PT saponin(GPT) 및 ginseng PD saponin(GPD))의 면역증강 효과를 flow cytometry를 이용하여 분석하였다. 인삼 ssponins을 직접 첨가하여 배양한 MNC 및 PMNC에서는 탐식중강 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 각각의 인삼 saponin을 첨가하여 배양한 PMNC 및 MNC 배양상충액의 존재하에 PMNC 및 MNC의 탐식능을 겅토한 결과, MNC의 탐식능은 Gff 첨가 PMNC 배양상충액과 GTS 및 GPT 첨가 MNC 배양상충액의 존재하에서 약간의 탐식증강 효과를 보였다. PMNC 탐식능의 경우에는 GPD 첨가 PMNC 배양상충액에서 미약한 탐식증강 효과가 나타났으나, 각각의 인 삼 saponin 첨가 MNC 배양상충액 존재하에서는 모두 현저한 탐식중강 효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 고양이 말초혈액 탐식세포의 탐식증강 효과는 인삼 saponin의 직접적인 작용보다는 인삼 saponin에 의해 활성화된 단핵구세포에서 분비되는 가용성물질에 의해 단 핵구세포보다는 다형핵백혈구에서 현저하게 탐식효과가 증강되는 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1983

With electron microscope, author studied on the pulp structure of human primary tooth in shedding stage. Non-carious human primary molar teeth were selected for this study. Using standard methods, specimens were sectioned and examined by light and electron microscope, The results were as follows; 1. In coronal pulp, odontoblasts were replaced by multinucleated odontoclasts, which contained a large number of mitochondria of varying shape and vacuoles in cytoplasm. Where odontoclasts were in contact with tooth surface, the characteristic ruffled border and clear zone were observed. 2. Fibrous tissue with plentiful collagen fibers and fibroblasts was observed adjacent to the dentin in the pulp. Fibroblast contained a number of mitochondria and well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Inflammatory cells were observed in the pulp and active fibroblasts could be seen between inflammatory cells. In many cases, cervical epithelium proliferated toward absorbed area. 4. Inflammatory cells consisted of a number of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Macrophage containing lysosomes in digestive state or phagocyting PMN could be seen. 5. In the primary molar of delayed root resorption, odontoblast layer, zone of Weil and cell-rich zone could be seen at roof of pulp chamber and odontoblast in this area cont과ained some lipid droplets.