• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 1993

Stream sediment samples were collected in the vicinity of the Sambo Pb-Zn-barite mine in order to investigate dispersion patterns and pollution levels of heavy metals, and to find out their mode of occurrences. Those samples were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn by using partial extraction and sequential extraction methods. Stream sediments of this studied area has been contaminated severely by Pb, Zn, and Cd. Dispersion patterns of heavy metals in those sediments are different according to their pollution source and sampling distance from the mine. The stream sediment pH is generally neutral in control area, and is slightly acidic in the lower part of tailing dam. The main pollution source of stream sediments was confirmed as tailing and mine drainage. Their pollution level depends mainly on inflowed water and distance from the mine. The tolerance index ranges from -0.9 to 0.7. The mode of occurrances of heavy metals in polluted stream sediment are identified as Fe-Mn oxides, organic bounded and carbonate-bounded compound which show high potential of bioavailablity.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.179-191
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• 2019

Heavy metals in stream water and sediments around industrial complex were studied in order to assess the contamination and to identify the potential source of metals. High variability has been observed for both dissolved and particulate phases in stream water with coefficient of variation (CV) ranging from 1.3 to 2.8. The highest metal concentrations in both phases were observed in Gunja for Ni and Cu, in Jungwang for Zn and Pb and in Shiheung for Cd, respectively. These results indicate that the different metal sources could be existing. The concentrations of the heavy metals in sediments decreased in the order of Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Ni>As>Cd>Hg, with mean of 2,549, 1,742, 808, 539, 163, 17.1, 5.8, $0.07mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Mean of metal concentrations(except for As) in sediments showed the highest values at Shiheung stream comparing with other streams. In sediments, the percent exceedance of class II grade that metal may potentially harmful impact on benthic organism for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb was about 57%, 62%, 84%, 60%, 68%, 81% for all stream sediments, respectively. Sediments were classified as heavily to extremely polluted for Cu and Cd, heavily polluted for Zn and Pb, based on the calculation of Igeo value. About 59% and 35% of sediments were in the categories of "poor" and "very poor" pollution status for heavy metals. Given the high metal concentrations, industrial wastes and effluents, having high concentrations of most metals originated from the manufacture and use of metal products in this region, might be discharged into the stream through sewer outlet. The streams receive significant amounts of industrial waste from the industrial facilities which is characterized by light industrial complexes of approximately 17,000 facilities. Thus, the transport of metal loads through streams is an important pathway for metal pollution in Shihwa Lake.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.83-96
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• 2017

A constructed sea stream in Yeongdo, Busan, Republic of Korea is mostly static due to the lifted stream bed and tidal characters, and receives domestic wastewater nearby, causing a consistent odor production and water quality degradation. Bioaugmentation of a microbial consortium was proposed as an effective and economical restoration technology to restore the polluted stream. The microbial consortium activated on site was augmented on a periodic basis (7~10 days) into the most polluted site (Site 2) which was chosen considering the pollution level and tidal movement. Physicochemical parameters of water qualities were monitored including pH, temperature, DO, ORP, SS, COD, T-N, and T-P. COD and microbial community analyses of the sediments were also performed. A significant reduction in SS, COD, T-N, and COD (sediment) at Site 2 occurred showing their removal rates 51%, 58% and 27% and 35%, respectively, in 13 months while T-P increased by 47%. In most of the test sites, population densities of sulfate reducing bacterial (SRB) groups (Desulfobacteraceae_uc_s, Desulfobacterales_uc_s, Desulfuromonadaceae_uc_s, Desulfuromonas_g1_uc, and Desulfobacter postgatei) and Anaerolinaeles was observed to generally decrease after the bioaugmentation while those of Gamma-proteobacteria (NOR5-6B_s and NOR5-6A_s), Bacteroidales_uc_s, and Flavobacteriales_uc_s appeared to generally increase. Aerobic microbial communities (Flavobacteriaceae_uc_s) were dominant in St. 4 that showed the highest level of DO and least level of COD. These microbial communities could be used as an indicator organism to monitor the restoration process. The alpha diversity indices (OTUs, Chao1, and Shannon) of microbial communities generally decreased after the augmentation. Fast uniFrac analysis of all the samples of different sites and dates showed that there was a similarity in the microbial community structures regardless of samples as the augmentation advanced in comparison with before- and early bioaugmentation event, indicating occurrence of changing of the indigenous microbial community structures. It was concluded that the bioaugmentation could improve the polluted water quality and simultaneously change the microbial community structures via their niche changes. This in situ remediation technology will contribute to an eco-friendly and economically cleaning up of polluted streams of brine water and freshwater.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.503-510
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• 2007

The purposes of the study were to analyze the seasonal effects on the fish fauna and compositions including trophic guilds and tolerance guilds. For the study, we collected fish samples twice in June as premonsoon period and early September 2007 as monsoon periods in five sampling sites of the Gap Stream, and then biological oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients (TN, TP) and suspended solids (SS) were compared with the guild data along the gradient of upstream-to-downstream. Chemical water quality, based on BOD, TP, and TN degraded gradually from the upstream to downstream reach and there were about 3 fold difference between S1 and S5. Water quality was worse in the premonsoon than the monsoon, and the heavy monsoon resulted in a dilution of the polluted river by rain water, especially, in the downstream reach. Total number of fish species, based on the catch per unit effort (CPUE), showed a distinct difference between the two seasons; 30 species were sampled in premonsoon, but 23 species were sampled in the monsoon, indicating a seasonal difference in the fish fauna. Tolerant species dominated the fish community (48.3%) in the stream, and the proportions prior to physical disturbance by the monsoon rain were evidently greater in the downstream reach than the upstream. This reflected the characteristics of urban stream polluted by nutrient enrichment as shown in the BOD and TP values. Sensitive species in the premonsoon decreased from the gradient of upstream-to-downstream reach. Such seasonal modifications in the trophic and tolerance guilds were evident. In the analysis of trophic guild and habitat guild, during the premonsoon the proportion of insectivore and riffle-benthic species were largely greater in the upstream reach than the downstream, whereas the proportions were opposite along the gradient of the stream in monsoon. Thus, the patterns of chemical water quality along the longitudinal gradients reflected the premonsoon conditions of insectivores and tolerant species, indicating that summer monsoon data of fish may not match with water quality due to large physical disturbance by flow regime. Seasonal monsoon in this region as well as the chemical pollution may act as a key role influencing the fish compositions of trophic and tolerance guilds and fauna. The data collected during the premonsoon rather than the monsoon, thus, may be better predictor for a diagnosis of stream health conditions.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2016

Cheonggye-cheon is a partly restored urban stream located in central Seoul. We monitored fecal contamination using three different fecal indicators, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC) and E. coli, to assess differences in each indicator on days of varying weather conditions. Presumptive TC, FC and E. coli colonies were identified by their 16S rRNA sequences. The results showed that enumeration of E. coli provided a better reflection of fecal contamination of the stream than TC and FC. The main sources of contamination were the inflow of fecal-polluted groundwater from the vicinity of a subway line and two inflowing streams. The fecal contamination was worsened on days with heavy rain because untreated sewage from a collecting facility flowed into the stream. Moreover, growth potential of fecal indicator (E. coli) in situ induced by algal exudates was measured. Our results suggest that an appropriate standard based on E. coli rather than TC and FC should be established for improving water quality management strategies of Cheonggye-cheon in the future.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.291-306
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• 2023

Shallow groundwater in rural areas is primarily polluted by agricultural activities. Nitrate-nitrogen is an indicator of artificial pollution. In this study, the hydrochemical characteristics and nitrate-nitrogen pollution of shallow groundwater were examined in two agricultural villages (Hyogyo-ri and Sinan-ri) in Chungcheongnam-do Province, Korea. Physicochemical quality analysis of shallow groundwater and stream water in the field, and chemical analysis in the laboratory were conducted from July 2020 to October 2021. In Hygyo-ri and Sinan-ri villages, shallow groundwater mainly belonged to the Ca-Cl, Ca-H CO₃, Na-HCO₃, and Na-Cl types, whereas stream water predominantly belonged to the Ca-HCO₃ type. The nitrate-nitrogen concentration in shallow groundwater varied depending on the season, displaying an increased concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the dry season compared to the rainy season. Stream water may be influenced by runoff into villages from the surrounding area, although both shallow groundwater and stream water are affected by artificial pollution. In addition, the nitrate-nitrogen concentration in stream water was lower than that in shallow groundwater.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2009

Sericulturists in the vicinity of Bangalore city irrigate their mulberry gardens with Vrishabhavathy stream water, which is polluted with domestic and industrial wastes from the city. To investigate the effect of pollutants on silkworm crops, a detailed field survey was conducted to study the cocoon yield pattern of the crops raised on mulberry irrigated with wastewater as against irrigation by bore/open wells. The villages along the stream were grouped into five test batches at about a distance of $5{\sim}8$ km from each other. The seasonal yield data with relevant information were collected through questionnaires from 117 rearers using stream water and 35 rearers using bore/open wells, the latter serving as control group. The average yield for 100 layings was 46 to 57 kg in the control group whereas in test groups, it ranged between 34 to 51 kg in the first test group and 22 to 38 kg in the rest. The difference in yield was $9{\sim}19$ kg depending on the season between control and test batches. In summer, this difference was higher, with high co-efficient of variation in test groups ($33{\sim}52$%). Further, water, soil and leaf samples were collected from selected rearers and were analyzed for zinc, copper, iron, lead and nickel. Results indicated significantly higher contents of these metals in samples from gardens using wastewater when compared control samples. Significantly (p<0.05 & p<0.01)) higher levels of zinc ($24{\sim}122$ ppm) and iron ($208{\sim}683$ ppm) were noticed in mulberry leaves during summer followed by winter and rainy season. The significance of high content of heavy metals in mulberry leaves and cocoon yield pattern of this area in relation to the quality of irrigation water is discussed.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1318-1321
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• 2005

As recently raw water quality has been polluted as well as its quality has been remarkably varied according to season and region, the precise control of coagulant dosage is being keenly required in water treatment plants. The amount of coagulant is closely related to raw water quality such as turbidity, alkalinity, water temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, etc. Since the optimum quantity of chemicals is not yet finalized, so dosage rate must be decided by using jar test that takes one or two hours. Hereupon, the output signal of stream current and multi-regression on historical data were proposed to be applied to the coagulant dosing control. In consequence of applying the scheme to automatic determination of the dosage rate, it was testified that the determination of dosage rate was very effective in case it is performed as to real-time sensing of water quality and the output signal of stream current.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.61-70
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• 2007

This study aims to clarify the effect of forest management practices(thinning and pruning) on soil physical properties and water quality to get the fundamental information on the facility of purifying water quality after forestry practices. Rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, soil and stream water were sampled at the study site which consists of Pinus rigida in Jinju National University Experimental Forest for 4 years from Mar. 1, 2002 to Nov. 30, 2006. Averaged tree height of the management site increased by 1.6m, compared to the value of the non-management site in Pinus rigida. Increment of averaged D. B. H. at the management site showed 4.2cm more in Pinus rigida compared with that at non-management sites. Mesopore ratios (pF2.7) and total porosities of A layer soil at the management site increased more than those at the non-management sites in both stands. Otherwise, soil bulk density resulted in being reversely. Water qualities of throughfall, stemflow and buffered soil water were influenced more positively by the management practice. The average electrical conductivity of stream water was $32.9{\mu}S/cm$ within the range of non-polluted stream water.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1983

This study was carried out to investigate nitrification in the main stream of the Naktong river for two times, 12-13 August and 23-26 September 1982. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The increase of nitrogen concentration was due to inflow of Geumho river, which was polluted by the municipal and industrial wastewater of Daegu city. 2. The rate constant of ammonia calculated for three reaches was high according to the stream flow and was eminently low in the reach from Goroung to Gangjung. (0.068-0.116 $day^{-1}$). This phenomena might be attributed to the sublethal or even lethal effect upon aquatic life by relatively low DO concentration and high heavy metal concentration. 3. DO consumption rate by nitrification was highest for the reach from Goroung to Daeam where was affected by Geumho river. (56.7-147.8%). This phenomena might be attributed to low DO concentration and high nitrogen concentration. Especially, the less stream flow was, the higher DO consumption was. And so, nitrification in the station where is low DO concentration, especially under the low flow condition, might cause more serious water quality management problem. Therefore, for the purpose of effective conservation of water quality in the Naktong river, it was suggested that We have more concern about the nitrogen compound, and more study on the nitrification phenomena.