• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Cryptomeria japonica pollen is the most common pollen, which are scattering during each spring season in Japan. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is one of seasonal allergic rhinitis that mainly occurs in Japan. In addition, long range transportation of Yellow Sand from the East Asian continent was also found during the pollen scattering seasons in Japan. Therefore, the interaction or impact between pollen and Yellow Sand should be concerned. In this study, our objective was to investigate the airborne behaviour of Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic (Cry j 1) particles as the airborne tracer of Cryptomeria japonica pollen during the Yellow Sand events. Airborne Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic particles were collected at roadside of urban residential zones of Saitama city during the pollination periods from February to March in two year investigation of 2009 and 2010. The overlap of Yellow Sand events and dispersal peak of pollen grains was observed. According to the Meteorological data, we found that the peaks of airborne pollen grains appeared under higher wind speed and temperature than the previous day. It was thought that Yellow Sand events and airborne pollen counts were related to wind speed. From the investigation of the airborne behavior of the size-segregated allergen particles by determining Cry j 1 with Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), the higher concentrations of the allergenic Cry j 1 were detected in particle size equal to or less than $1.1{\mu}m$($PM_{1.1}$) than other particle sizes during Yellow Sand events, especially in the rainy day. We conclude that rainwater trapping Yellow Sand is one of the important factors that affect the release of allergenic pollen species of Cry j 1. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the relationships between Cryptomeria japonica pollen allergenic species and chemical contents of the Yellow Sand particles in further studies.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.591-600
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• 2018

The use of genetically modified (GM) crops has increased continuously over the world, and concerns about the potential risks of GM crops have also risen. Although, until now, GM crops have not been cultivated commercially in Korea, it is necessary to develop technology for the safe evaluation of GM crops. In this study, we investigated the influence of gene flow from GM to non-GM soybeans by the size of the pollen donor. In the experimental design, GM soybeans were placed in the center as a pollen donor and non-GM soybeans were placed in four directions as the pollen receivers. Three sizes of pollen donor were designed as $90cm{\times}90cm$, $180cm{\times}180cm$, and $360cm{\times}360cm$. A total 22,719 seeds were collected from non-GM soybeans, and 14 hybrids were finally obtained through herbicide resistance screening and PCR analysis. The highest hybridization rate was 0.78% at a distance of 15 cm from a $360cm{\times}360cm$ GM pollen donor, and the farthest distance of hybridization was 180 cm from a GM pollen donor which was $360cm{\times}360cm$ in size. Ten hybrids were found among the 14 hybrids at the $360cm{\times}360cm$ pollen donor size, 3 hybrids at $180cm{\times}180cm$, 1 hybrid at $90cm{\times}90cm$. From these results, it could be concluded that with the larger pollen donor size, more hybridization occurred in soybeans.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2000

The pattern of variations in cone sex ratio and pollen traits such as pollen number and size was examined for two years in populations of red pines In Korea. We evaluated; (1) the relationship between tree size and cone sex ratio, (2) the relationship between year and cone sex ratio, and (3) the relationship between cone sex ratio and pollen traits. Larger trees in height and circumference at breast height produced more male as well as female cones. However, cone sex ratio was independent of these plant sizes. Across the two populations, both female cone numbers per tree and male cone numbers per new shoot increased 2.2 and 1.2 times, respectively, in 1999 compared to 1998, while the yearly pattern of male cone-bearing shoots per tree differed significantly between populations. Thus, cone sex ratio varied significantly between years in one of the two populations. Pollen traits such as the number of pollen grains and diameter did not vary significantly among populations. Pollen diameter and grain numbers per male cone were significantly negatively correlated with the cone sex ratio in two populations and one population, respectively. Trees which stopped female cone production in the first year and those which produced female cones in both years differed in the cone sex ratio and pollen size in the second year. The long duration of one reproductive episode and the potential of masting in red pines emphasize the need to conduct long-term studies on the dynamics of cone production, cone sex ratio, and simultaneous changes in pollen traits in red pines.

• 화훼연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2010

현재 재배되고 있는 장미 재배종은 오랜 기간 동안 종간교잡과 종내교잡을 통해 선발되어 온 것으로서 대부분이 이형잡종의 게놈으로 구성되어 있어 발아율이 저조한 편이다. 따라서, 효율적인 교배를 위해서는 화분의 활력 검정이 선행되어야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 염색액과 발아배지를 이용하여 7품종의 화분 임성율과 발아율 검정하고 이들 결과를 토대로 화분의 크기, 배수성 및 교배조합과의 상관관계를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 화분 임성율은 '스칼렛미미'가 82%로 가장 높았으며 '피노키오'가 39%로 가장 낮았다. 발아율 관찰 결과 '스칼렛미미'가 41%로 가장 높았으며 '미니로사'가 1%로 가장 낮았다. 화분의 크기를 관찰한 결과 화분은 큰 화분과 작은 화분으로 구분되었으며 화분의 직경은 각각 $41.3-45.4{\mu}m$과 $30.7-37.4{\mu}m$로 관찰되었으며 화분의 크기는 10-40% 정도 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 화분의 크기와 염색체 전체 길이의 합을 비교한 결과 염색체 크기와 화분의 크기는 정의 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 교배조합 검정 결과 착과율과 발아율은 화분 발아율, 임성률 및 배수성과 상관관계가 있음을 확인하였다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2013

The morphological features of pollen grains collected from the broad-leaved and cylindrical-leaved Portulaca species of the Hawaiian Islands were investigated. The variation in size and surface pattern were examined using scanning electron microscopy and statistical analysis. Pollens of the Portulaca were apolar grains of monads exhibiting apertures, colpi, and relatively thin echini. Of particular interest was the differing size of pollen grains among the species studied. Pollens of the broad-leaved Portulaca were considerable in size with a length of about $73{\sim}86{\mu}m$, while the cylindrical-leaved Portulaca tended to have smaller pollen grains ranging from 50~65 in diameter. The smallest pollens were found in cultivar 2 having an average of $43{\mu}m$. The pollen was intectate, and the exine surface appeared granulous, having sculptured elements of spinules and puncta. Two types of puncta were discerned; one forming an operculum, and the other, a simple perforation. Numerous spinules and small puncta were found throughout the cylindrical-leaved Portulaca. In the present study, morphological features of pollen grains from ten Hawaiian Portulaca species, including endemic and unknown taxa, revealed the aforementioned pattern of variation. This paper aim to provide morphological information that could be of phylogenetic value within the Hawaiian Portulaca.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2007

Pollens are known to be an allergen. They penetrate human respiratory system, triggering a type of seasonal allergic rhinitis called pollen allergy (hey fever). The purpose of this study is to test two field-flow fractionation (FFF) techniques, gravitational FFF (GrFFF) and sedimentation FFF (SdFFF), for their applicability to sizecharacterization of micron-sized pollens. Both GrFFF and SdFFF are elution techniques, providing sequential elution of particles based on size. They allow the size distribution as well as the mean size of the sample to be determined from the elution time. In this study, GrFFF and SdFFF were used to determine the size distribution of Paper Mulberry and Bermuda Grass pollens. For the Paper Mulberry pollen, the mean size obtained by GrFFF is 12.7 μm, and agrees rather well with the OM data with the relative error of 8.0%. For the Bermuda Grass pollen, the mean size obtained by GrFFF is 32.6 μm with the relative error of 12.3%. The mean sizes determined by SdFFF are 12.4 (relative error = 10.1%) and 27.1 μm (relative error = 5.2%) for the Paper Mulberry and the Bermuda Grass pollen, respectively. Although SdFFF tends to yield more accurate size distribution due to lower band broadening under the field strength higher than 1 G, the sizes determined by GrFFF were not significantly different from those by SdFFF.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.203-221
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• 1994

한국산 나자식물 5과 12속 19분류군을 대상으로 광학현미경, 주사전자현미경 및 투과전자현미경을 이용하여 화분의 형태를 비교 관찰하고 기재하였으며, 각 과별 검색표를 작성하였다. 분류학적으로 볼 때 취급된 나자식물의 화분립은 모양, 크기, 표면상태, 표면무늬, 기낭의 유무 및 돌기의 유무에 의해 뚜렷이 구분되어 속간 및 속 이하의 분류군에는 유용하였으나, Pinus속내의 종들은 본 연구에서 관찰된 화분립의 크기나 표면무늬에 의해서는 화분형질의 중복으로 인해 종분류는 유용하지 않은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 소나무과내의 Picea속에 속하는 P. koraiensis의 화분립은 기낭의 형태가 불규칙하고, 몸체에 비해 기낭의 크기가 크며, 표벽이 얇기 때문에 기낭을 갖는 Pinus속과 Abies속의 분류군과는 차이점이 뚜렷하다. 또한 Abies속의 특징으로 기재된 모부의 중앙부위에서 기낭쪽으로 갈수록 표벽이 얇아진다는 점, 화분림 몸체의 표면이 비교적 굴곡이 심하지 않다는 점과 화분립의 크기가 크다는 점으로 볼 때 P. koraiensis는 기낭을 갖는 Pinus속과 Abies속 중 Abies속과 화분학적으로 유연관계가 가까운 것으로 추정된다. 투과전자현미경관찰을 통해 기낭을 갖는 화분립을 조사한 결과 근극에는 내표벽과 외표벽이 모두 존재하나, 서로 분리되어 외표벽은 기낭과 연결되고 내표벽은 원극을 이룬다. 또한 구과목의 분류군들에 있어 소나무과를 제외한 주목과, 난우송과 및 측백나무와 일부 분류군의 내표벽이 여러 층으로 구성된 관상구조로 나타났다. 주사전자현미경으로 기낭을 관찰한 결과 표면무늬는 유공상이고 미세한 pit가 존재하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 기낭의 표면무늬는 광학현미경상에서 망상으로 보이나 투과전자현미경으로 관찰해 본 결과 이는 기낭내부의 망상구조가 광학현미경하에서 투시된 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2019

A pollen morphological study was conducted using light and scanning electron microscopy involving six species belonging to the subtribe Neoguillauminiinae. Pollen samples from the six species are tricolporate, and the colpi are surrounded by broad margo, with the widest width in the equator, narrower toward the pole, and rounded at the end. Based on the pollen morphology, pollen of the species in the subtribe Neoguillauminiinae were divided into four types: the Neoguillauminia type (T1), the C. collinus type (T2), the C. casuarinoides type (T3) and the C. paucifolius type (T4). The generic divergence between Neoguillauminia and Calycopeplus was supported by the pollen characters of the size, amb and lumina shape. In particular, the traits of rounded shape in the outline of the polar view and circular lumina, which appear only in the pollen grains of N. cleopatra, support the recognition of Neoguillauminia as a monotypic genus. Calycopeplus oligandrus and C. paucifolius had the same reticulate pattern of pollen grains, supporting Forster's hypothesis that these two species are closely related. On the other hand, the close relationship between the morphologically similar C. collinus and C. casuarinoides was not supported by the pollen characters. Within the subtribe there are two equally parsimonious hypotheses regarding the evolution of exine characters. The first consists of two changes of microreticulate through parallel evolution from the primitive reticulate exine, and the second is that the microreticulate pattern is differentiated from the reticulate state and then reversed to reticulate pollen grains.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2015

Although airborne pollen is invisible to the eye, it has been known as a major source to respiratory allergic reactions. For this reason, airborne pollen is monitoring in many countries to predict pollen concentration based on locality and season. However, the morphological characteristics of airborne pollen and their potential tendency as an allergen are still obscure. In the present study, we selected 52 airborne pollen samples based on previously reported data and investigated their detail pollen characteristics using LM and SEM. Major airborne pollen in Korea has sorted in 19 families (most angiosperms except four gymnosperm families), and all pollen grains are small to medium in size ($P=17.34-49.86{\mu}m$) apart from the bisaccate pollen grains of Pinaceae ($P=46.49-106.20{\mu}m$). The aperture number and shape vary from sulcate to polyporate. While the inaperture pollen has found only in gymnosperm (Cupressaceae and Taxaceae), triporate or polyporate is common pollen type in angiosperm. The sexine ornamentations could divide into several types, but the most sculpturing types are inconspicuous like psilate, rugulate and granulate. Reticulate pollen grains as a semitectum have occurred the species of genera Platanus and Fraxinus only. To estimate the possible relationships between pollen features and allergen, the results are discussed in botanical context.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2020

Objectives : We tried to establish standards for genuine by discriminating 3 kinds of pollen and spore herbs that are highly to be mixed with each other. Using an scanning electron microscope, we prepare a standard for discriminating external morphological characters of minute herbs, thereby contributing to the stable supply of genuine herbal medicines. Methods : Standard samples were confirmed by literature review on external morphological characteristics of original plants and herbal medicines, and collection and identification of original plants. The herbal medicines on the market were purchased and classified with using naked eye observation and magnifier. Finally, micromorphological identifications were conducted using an scanning electron microscope. Results : 1. Pini Pollen was clearly distinguished by its relatively medium size and a pollen grain with two swollen reticulate sacci at both ends. The verrucate ornamentation on the exine surface of the corpus and a sunken leptoma germ pore may be used as a discrimination criteria. 2. Typhae Pollen was distinguished by its relatively small size and a saccus on the end of a pollen grain. Reticulate ornamentation of exine surface of the corpus, and a slightly clear ulcerate germ pore can be used as a discrimination criteria. 3. Lygodii Spora was distinguished by its relatively large triangular-ovate shape and trichotomous fissure. Verrucate-tuberculate ornamentation of exine surface and trilete aperture could be used as a discrimination criteria. Conclusion : These results indicate that the use of electron microscopy is very effective for discriminating the external morphology of minute herbal medicines.