• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.302-312
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• 2019

Stamps are the smallest image symbols that can be read in the period, and they include the history, culture, politics, and figures and events of the issuing country. In particular, the stamps of the past presidents include the contemporary history of Korea, and reexamining and reviewing the meaning of the presidential stamps historically has a meaning that can not be overlooked as a researcher who studies the image of political leaders. In this study, the scope of research from the first republic to the fifth republic, where the publicity of political leaders through the advertisement of stamps and placards was high, was conducted and the leader image formation and change process centering on the former presidents Rhee Seungman, Park Jeong Hee, Chun Doo Hwan, Respectively. For the interpretation of the image of political leaders according to the changes of time, the images were classified by using Osgood's Semantic Differential Scale, and the images were analyzed using Saussure's semiotics. The image continues to move and change, and the conclusion that the image of the political leader of the time is not a simple personal image but a social product reflecting the specific age of the era.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.161-179
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• 2007

The numerous definition of terrorism is viewed as the use of force or violence by individual or group that is directed toward civilian populations and intended to instill fear as a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political or social positions. Recently, the paradigm of terror has been developed as new terrorism motivated by 9. 11 terror in 2001. In these contexts, this study analyzed the case study of recent counter-terrorism of international events and suggested the policy implications. This study is split into four chapters. Chapter I is the introduction part. Chapter II introduces the reader to new terrorism theory, and Chapter III deals with the case study of the international counter-terrorism policy around the world, Chapter IV deals with the policy implications of the case study. The greater the political, economical and social advantages opening large international ceremonies, the larger the probability of being targets for terrorists and criminals. As terrorism is one of the important issue, the security problems at international ceremonies in Korea, rising country as political essence in Asian-Pacific region, become very important. With experienced know-hows against terror and preparations for security, local and central governments must promote the private security companies filling up vacancies of police and official security system and develop international ceremonies, rising high valuable industries in 21st century, with diplomatic efforts. International major events is the largest event related events with politics, economy, culture, and such large-scale events should be a comprehensive counterplan in the light of safety check for the location of a hazard and safety check of facilities in and out, attendance on athlete and visitor and escort of VIPs.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.297-313
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• 2003

Problems caused by the U.S. military bases have attracted little attention until recently due to the national security of S.Korea and the peace of North-Eastern Asia, emphasized from the perspective of macro-geopolitics. However, since the political regime has been democratized and political discourses have been liberalized from the 1990s, those problems become a nation-widely serious social issue, though they have been brought about on the local areas. Thus, it can be suggested that micro-geopolitics is highly relevant and significant in approaching the local problems caused by the U.S. military bases, and ultimately resolving the macro-geopolitical problem of longstanding unfair relations in the SOFA and the withdrawal of U.S. troops. This paper aims to consider local problems caused by the U.S. military bases and resolving strategies from the perspective of micro-geopolitics. First of all, it discusses some significance of the micro-geopolitical perspective, as it has been recently emphasized in political geography in considering local problems and politics of life on the basis of place, then looks on empirically criminal and environmental problems caused by the U.S. military bases, analyses the questionnaire date on the perception of local dwellers around the military camps in Nam-gu Daegu, and finally suggests strategies to resolve those problems, which level up from the micro to the macro-scale of geopolitics.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.549-558
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• 2014

Integrated concepts that are broad enough to embrace facts, principles, laws, and concepts of multiple disciplines could become the core of integrated education. Integrated concept-centered education enables effective and practical learning. In this study, the Delphi Method was implemented targeting experts in science (physics, life science, chemistry, and earth science) and humanities (history, geology, economics, ethics, and politics) to find out the integrated concept that can be used to design the concept-centered integrated education in the Republic of Korea. 124 experts participated in this survey. Delphi survey was conducted for three rounds. In the first round, an open questionnaire was given to experts to collect feasible integrated concepts in each major field. Then, in the second round experts were asked to select integrated concepts that could be used practically in the field of their major. In the third round, the integrated concept with selection frequency over medium value were given. They were asked to evaluate the applicability of integrated concepts by using the Likert-scale questionnaire. Through this process, content validity was analyzed. As a result, five integrated concepts (change, interaction, space-time, energy, and equilibrium) were selected for the inter-science integration. And thirteen integrated concepts (conflict, community, relationship, structure, power, diversity, culture, change, society, interaction, freedom, justice, and equality) were chosen for the inter-humanities integration. Finally, for the science-humanities integration, seven integrated concepts (structure, diversity, change, interaction, cycle, system, and environment) were determined.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 2009

The Q-switching the shutter or the different optical science element puts in within the laser light resonator and the storehouse departs from the within the resonator it loses the mortar and the reversal distribution which when is sufficient creates from within the active medium, opens the shutter instantaneously and it is to do to be made to emit with the light where the energy which is accumulated within the resonator is strong very. Like this Q-switching of laser resonator--It decreases factor increasing suddenly to make. To method of Laser Q-switching mechanical switching methods, electro-optic switching methods and switching by saturable absorber methods, acousto-optic switching method etc. 4 kind are being used on a large scale. In these people the conversion which is electric in compliance with the effect which is electrooptics is widely being used the Q-switching pulse of short pulse width because being it will be able to create. Consequently, Pockel cell where it has the quality of electrooptics effect) the Q-it is become known that it is suitable it uses with switch. From the research which it sees FET and one-chip microprocessor where it is a switching element and pulse transfomer to plan and produce pockel cell Q-switch driving gears, pulse style Nd: It applied in YAG Laser system and it investigated and researched the operating characteristic of the Q-switch. Also, the Q-switch leads and Nd where it is output: YAG with forecast in compliance with a theoretical calculation it comes to buy laser beam side politics it compared and laser beam qualities which had become Q-switching it analyzed.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-92
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• 2018

North Korea conducted a total of six nuclear tests from the 1st test of 2006 to September, 2017. North Korea developed an armed forces security strategy at the level of regime protection and defense to respond to U.S. hostile policy. However, it is certain that strategic goals of North Korea's nuclear test were to overcome a crisis in North Korea's regime through US-North Korea negotiation and complete nuclear armed forces for socialist unification on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea's continuous nuclear test is a direct factor in threatening peace on the Korean Peninsula and an indirect factor in security dynamics of Northeast Asia. The U.N. Security Council has enforced sanctions against North Korea through six resolutions against North Korea's reckless nuclear test for the past 10 years. However, Kim Jong-Un's regime is in a position to stick to simultaneous pursuit of nuclear and economic development in spite of anti-North sanction of international society including U.N. and U.S.A. It is understood that North Korea was stimulated to conduct intense nuclear test as U.N. and U.S.A's anti-North sanction was not effective on North Korea. Full-scale and local wars are expected as military options, one of anti-North sanctions of the Trump administration. The Trump administration has attempted diplomatic pressure strategy as a secondary boycott unlike previous administrations. Nevertheless, North Korea has stood against U.N. and U.S.A's anti-North sanction with brinkmanship tactics, announcing full-scale military confrontation against U.S. It is judged that North Korea will pursue simultaneous nuclear weapons and economic development in terms of regime survival. North Korea will have less strategic choices in that its regime may collapse because of realistic national strategy between U.S.A. and China.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.56
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• pp.119-149
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• 2018

Le 樂 is important in Politics of the Kings. It is the same in Nothern Song period(北宋). There was an argument about Le 樂 and Lu 律 in Nothern Song Period. Those who argued were Fan-Jin(范鎭) and Sima-Guang(司馬光). They argued for 30 years. Fan-Jin insists that a standard of weights and measures is Lu and a standard of Lu is the fundamental tone of twelvenotes scale, Hwang-Jong 黃鍾. On the other hand, Sima-Guang insists that a standard of Lu is weights and measures and a standard of Le is Equilibrium and Harmony, Zonghe 中和. Fan-Jin thinks it is possible to restore a Sage King's music through the right standard of Lu. But Sima-Guang thinks it is impossible. Sima-Guang believes that the only way to restore a Sage King's music is to complete Zonghe. And Fan-Jin thinks Zonghe is the work of the king whereas Sima-Guang thinks Zonghe is the order of man and everything. The key point in the argument is Lu and Zonghe. Fan-Jin regards Lu as the basis of music, whereas Sima-Guang regards Zonghe as the basis of music. Lu is a tangible law and Zonghe is a intangible law. Although the argument between the two ended in a stalemate, the argument shows the difference between the scholars at the time.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.71-94
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• 1990

This paper reviews the rationale of monetary and banking intervention by an outside authority, either the government or the central bank, and seeks to delineate clearly the optimal limits to the monetary and banking deregulation currently underway in Korea as well as on a global scale. Furthermore, this paper seeks to establish an objective and balanced view on the role of the central bank, especially in light of the current discussion on the restructuring of Korea's central bank, which has been severely contaminated by interest-group politics. The discussion begins with the recognition that the modern free banking school and the new monetary economics are becoming formidable challenges to the traditional role of the government or the central bank in the monetary and banking sector. The paper reviews six arguments that have traditionally been presented to support intervention: (1) the possibility of an over-issue of bank notes under free banking instead of central banking; (2) externalities in and the public good nature of the use of money; (3) economies of scale and natural monopoly in producing money; (4) the need for macro stabilization policy due to the instability of the real sector; (5) the external effects of bank failure due to the inherent instability of the existing banking system; and (6) protection for small banknote users and depositors. Based on an analysis of the above arguments, the paper speculates on the optimal role of the government or central bank in the monetary and banking system and the optimal degree of monetary and banking deregulation. By contrast to the arguments for free banking or laissez-faire monetary systems, which become fashionable in recent years, monopoly and intervention by the government or central bank in the outside money system can be both necessary and optimal. In this case, of course, an over-issue of fiat money may be possible due to political considerations, but this issue is beyond the scope of this paper. On the other hand, the issue of inside monies based on outside money could indeed be provided for optimally under market competition by private institutions. A competitive system in issuing inside monies would help realize, to the maxim urn extent possible, external economies generated by using a single outside money. According to this reasoning, free banking activities will prevail in the inside money system, while a government monopoly will prevail in the outside money system. This speculation, then, also implies that the monetary and banking deregulation currently underway should and most likely will be limited to the inside money system, which could be liberalized to the fullest degree. It is also implied that it will be impractical to deregulate the outside money system and to allow market competition to provide outside money, in accordance with the arguments of the free banking school and the new monetary economics. Furthermore, the role of the government or central bank in this new environment will not be significantly different from their current roles. As far as the supply of fiat money continues to be monopolized by the government, the control of the supply of base money and such related responsibilities as monetary policy (argument(4)) and the lender of the last resort (argument (5)) will naturally be assigned to the outside money supplier. However, a mechanism for controlling an over-issue of fiat money by a monopolistic supplier will definitely be called for (argument(1)). A monetary policy based on a certain policy rule could be one possibility. More importantly, the deregulation of the inside money system would further increase the systemic risk inherent in the current fractional banking system, while enhancing the efficiency of the system (argument (5)). In this context, the role of the lender of the last resort would again become an instrument of paramount importance in alleviating liquidity crises in the early stages, thereby disallowing the possibility of a widespread bank run. Similarly, prudential banking supervision would also help maintain the safety and soundness of the fully deregulated banking system. These functions would also help protect depositors from losses due to bank failures (argument (6)). Finally, these speculations suggest that government or central bank authorities have probably been too conservative on the issue of the deregulation of the financial system, beyond the caution necessary to preserve system safety. Rather, only the fullest deregulation of the inside money system seems to guarantee the maximum enjoyment of external economies in the single outside money system.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.45
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• pp.51-82
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• 2015

Maeul-making, which is to restore inherent characteristics of maeul as a living community has been proceeded by local communities themselves since the 1990s when political democracy and local government in Korean society has been progressed in full-scale. Although New Maeul Movement has been done in the 1970s before and after, it is different from maeul-making because it was focused mainly on improving physical environments of rural communities and initiated by government. The development of maeul community archives in Korea has been related closely to such a maeul-making since the 1990s. Maeul-based community archives, maeul community archives had been begun to build as part of maeul-making and grass-root movement by the 2000s. Initiated by self-motivated communities, maeul community archives were carried out through cooperations between civic activists and residents in maeul communities and voluntary professional archivists from outside. Although records about the maeul community has been collected by mainstream cultural institutions such as public archives, museum, local historical association, and local cultural center, it was at this time to collect records of the maeul community by self-motivated local residents. This tendency of 'independent' maeul community archives, however, is currently entering upon a new phase with the city of Seoul's project (2012) to support making a maeul community, that is, the governance phase based on private-government partnership. At this point of time, it is important for maeul community archives to be built on privately-led governance model that guarantees their autonomy and at the same time bring government's knowhow and supports into them, as opposed to the way captured or driven unilaterally by government. This article explores the growth of maeul community archives and collections in Korean society through a range of self-motivated bodies; the interaction with government; and as a result of those interactions, the creation of maeul community archives based on governance. To introduce and explicate the motivations behind maeul archiving endeavors, this article will first sketch something of the historical, social, and political context in which 'maeul' communities have arisen, collapsed, and restored. It will then examine in more detail some specific examples of maeul community archives as grass-root movement of maeul community. The third section will attempt to identify the governance model of maeul community archives under the auspices of the city of Seoul and its limitations. Finally through these activities, it will suggest the ways in which maeul community archives commit themselves to their duty of grass-root movement of community and at the same time, secure sustainability, that is, concrete ways of privately initiated governance model.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

This study is the text discourse of agenda setting through media policy on the three communities. The materials of subjects are the 71 text discourses that appeared in the columns, the special manuscripts, and the comments on the contemporary topics in 33 media. The subjects focuses on the metaphor, metonymy, and binary transposition. This kind of connotation tends to be imploded into people through media, so that it produces hyperreality. This process produces the regulation and strengthens the reality through the circuit of culture. Thus this research tries to develop the theoretical foundation for analysing the text discourse produced by the media. Also it focuses on widening the research scope to study the effects that the circuit of culture provides on the politics, society, and economics. Therefore The first, the objective meanings(denotation)which the referents of the community as T'PALACE, I'PARK, and STARCITY are 'larger scale', 'high and skyscraper', 'the rich people and the plutocrats who have very high academic career' and ' the residence place for the famous stars and successful CEOs', etc. and the subjective meanings, connotations which the referents of the community are 'The first street' transposes '1%' 'their own space' into the characteristics of the wealth of Gangnam district or Korean wealth', the additional significations which the metaphors such as 'the noble community', 'the sample for the high -level residential space', and 'the greed of 1%'. Conclusion, The significations of the symbols became imploded into the population and circulated along with the cultural streams through the media. The referents are recreated and consumed among the other communities such as the named 'PALACE', 'I'PARK', 'STARCITY' in the other areas. This kind of ideology tends to create the myths such as 'the 1% rich people of Gangnam', 'the first street of Korean wealth', and create the regulation such as 'the compound taxes for the real-estates', 'the policy of reducing the taxes for the rich', 'the policy of reducing the taxes for the 1% of the rich'. Also these regulations make the politicians operate new policies and are being utilized as 'slogan' for the politicians.