• 한국의류학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.511-517
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• 1993

Changes of the surface and interface tension with temperature for washing liquids and alkanes were measured by FACE surface tensiometer. Using the extended Fowkes' equation, the dispersion and polar force components of the surface tension were estimated. The results were as follows : 1. The surface tensions of washing liquids and alkanes decreased almost linearly with the increase of temperature. 2. The interface tensions of 0.25% DBS/alkane increased slowly with the increase of temperature. In the case of nonionic surfactant solutions, however, the interface tensions with alkanes varied with the number of hydrophilic ethylene oxide(EO) groups. 3. Of the surface tension of water at $20^{\circ}C$, the dispersion force component was 25.3 dyn/cm and the polar force component was 47.8 dyn/cm. As the temperature increased, both the polar and dispersion force components decreased in a similar fashion. 4. The dispersion force component of surface tension of 0.25% DBS solution was 30.0 dyn/cm, and the polar force component was 2.2 dyn/cm at $20^{\circ}C$. The two components decreased with the increase of temperature. 5. As the temperature increased, the dispersion force component of surface tension decreased and the polar force component increased significantly for 0.25% NPPG-7.5EO solution. In the case of 025% NPPG-10EO, both the dispersion and polar force components decreased slowly, but the polar force component is expected to increase from $60^{\circ}C$. However, the polar force component of surface tension decreased with the increase of temperature for 025% NPPG-15EO solution, and at the temperature higher than $60^{\circ}C$ the surface tension is expected to be composed of only dispersion force component.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.433-447
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• 2006

The problem of very large deflection of a circular cantilever arc device subjected to inward or outward polar force is studied. An exact elliptic integral solution is derived for the two cases and the results are checked using large displacement finite element analysis via the ANSYS package by performing a new novel modeling simulation technique for this problem. Excellent agreements have been obtained between the exact analytical solution and the numerical approach. From this study, a design chart for engineers is developed to predict the required value for the inward polar force for the device to switch on for a given angle forming the circular arc (${\theta}_o$). This study has several interesting applications in mechanical engineering, integrated circuit technology, nanotechnology and especially in microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) such as a MEM circular device switch subjected to attractive or repulsive magnetic forces due to the attachments of two magnetic poles at the fixed and at the free end of the circular cantilever arc switch device.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2015년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.130-132
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• 2015

The IMO Polar Code was adopted by Res.MSC.385(94) and Res.MEPC.264(68) and will enter into force on 1 January 2017. The Polar Code will affect design and equipment of ships intending to operate in polar areas. In this study, the requirements in the Polar Code are analysed from the perspective of class.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제59권12호
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• pp.2173-2178
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• 2010

The magnetization directions of a polar magnetized ferrite bonded magnet are analyzed by finite element method (FEM). The influence of the width of SmCo magnets for magnetic field generation is investigated. The surface flux densities of the polar anisotropic magnets are analyzed and compared according to the pole number and thickness of the magnets. And the electromotive force (EMF) values of brushless DC motors with the magnets are investigated. The validity of the analysis method is verified by comparing the analyzed results with measured ones.

• 폴리머
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.671-678
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• 2001

Sodium 또는 zinc로 중화된 poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid)의 아이오노머는 ethylene 사슬 부분들로만 이루어진 결정상, acid 그룹이 존재하는 amorphous 영역, 그리고 ionic aggregate의 세 가지 상으로 나누어진다. Soaking에 의하여 흡수된 nonionic dye 분자들은 결정상을 제외한 amorphous 부분이나 ionic aggregate 분근에 존재하는데, 주위 사슬의 극성에 따라 dispersion force (ethylene 사슬 부분), polar force (acid 부분), ionic dipole (ionic aggregate 부분)의 세 가지 다른 힘의 영향 아래 놓이게 된다. 극성이 적은 ethylene 사슬부분의 dispersion force 영향 아래에 존재하는 Nile Red의 UV/Vis 흡수피크는 500nm 부근에서, polar한 acid 그룹의 영향을 받는 dye 피크는 525 nm, 그리고 ionic aggregate의 영향에 의한 dye는 Na+-아이오노머의 경우 550 nm, divalent이어서 더 큰 ionic dipole을 가지는 $Zn^{2+}$-아이오노머의 경우 610nm에서 각각 피크가 나타났다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.532-540
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• 2019

This study describes a test method for evaluating the ice friction and abrasion performance of polar coatings. The evaluation methods of physical properties of general coatings for ocean-going vessels and polar coatings for ice-going vessels were investigated and their limitations were analyzed. We have also reviewed previous researches related to the development of polar paints and confirmed the necessity of developing test techniques. A flat steel plate was coated with several types of commercial coating, and cold model ice was used to cause ice friction and abrasion events between coated surface and ice. For evaluation of ice friction and abrasion performances, test procedures such as measurement of coating surface roughness, measurement of frictional force using model ice, implementation of ice abrasion and drying of coating surface were developed. The friction and abrasion characteristics of each coating are analyzed and summarized through the change of friction force and roughness data according to the progress of ice abrasion.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.1031-1041
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• 2016

Interests in the Polar Regions have been growing due to various factors such as depletion of natural resources and advanced resource development technologies, accelerated rate of polar ice melting as a result of global warming, etc. In particular, demand for the workforce related to vessel passage using the Northern Sea Route and polar studies is still expanding. The International Maritime Organization adopted the Polar Code in 2015 for the safety of ship operation in polar waters and it will enter into force from 2017. But education and training section in the code has been prescribed only for the safe navigation in the ice covered waters intended for navigational offices. There is no basic safety training requirement that applies commonly for all personnel exposed to the risk of the polar regions and the relevant study or discussion has not been made so far. Therefore, this study provides basic data for developing safety training courses for crew and other personnel by analyzing relevant regulations on polar safety training and the contents of relevant safety training in offshore industry required by the costal states adjacent to arctic ocean.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 1999년도 제17회 학술발표회 논문개요집
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• pp.199-199
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• 1999

상용의 PVC가 갖는 소수 특성을 개선하기 위해 산소, 아르곤, 수소 이온의 이온 보조 반응법을 이용하여 표면의 친수성을 증대시키고 이때 친수성 증가의 직접적 원인인 표면에너지 증가를 각각의 이온조사에 따라서 비교하였다. 이온 소스는 직경 5-cm의 cold hollow cathod ion gun을 이용하였으며 산소, 아르곤, 수소이온을 이온 조사량 5$\times$1014~1$\times$1017ions/cm2까지 변화시키고 산소의 유량을 0~8sccm까지 변화시키면서 표면 에너지 변화를 관찰하였다. 표면 에너지는 두 가지의 극성 용매인 물과 포름아마이드의 접촉각을 정적 접촉각 측정기를 이용하여 측정한 후에 이로부터 dispersion force와 polar force를 계산하여 얻었다. 계산된 결과를 보면 처리 전과후의 dispersion force의 변화는 거의 없으나 polar force는 크게 증가하였다. 이때 표면 에너지의 증가는 표면 형상의 변화와 극성을 띠는 친수성기의 증가로 여겨지며 각각의 경우에 대한 분석을 위해 AFM과 XPS 분석을 시행하여 각각의 이온에 따르는 표면 형상의 변화와 친수성기의 형성 및 상대적인 양을 비교하였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.320-325
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• 2018

FASs (fluoroalkylsilanes)로 표면 개질한 소수성 막에 대한 부탄올/물, 이소프로판올/물 용액의 수착(sorption)량을 측정하였으며 이들 수착 특성을 Hansen 용해도 파라미터를 이용하여 해석하였다. 부탄올의 수착량이 이소프토판올보다 많았으며, 이는 부탄올의 용해도 파라미터(${\delta}_t=20.4$)와 FASs 소수성 막의 용해도 파라미터(${\delta}_t=16.9$)와의 차이가 이소프로판올 (${\delta}_t=24.6$)과의 차이보다 작기 때문인 것으로 설명할 수 있다. 극성력(${\delta}_p$) 측면에서 살펴보면, FASs 극성력(${\delta}_p=4.6$)과 부탄올의 극성력(${\delta}_p=6.3$)과의 차이가 FASs 극성력(${\delta}_p=4.6$)과 이소프로판올의 극성력(${\delta}_p=9.0$)과의 차이보다 작다. 이는 부탄올-FASs 간의 극성력 차이가 이소프로판올-FASs 간의 극성력 차이보다 작아서 부탄올-FASs 간의 상호인력이 크다는 것을 의미하며, 수착량이 크게 나타나는 결과를 설명할 수 있다. 본 실험결과로부터 막에 대한 알코올의 수착특성, 용매에 대한 용질의 용해도 등을 분석하는데 용해도 파라미터를 이용할 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.611-617
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• 2001

The non-polar optical phonon scattering in the valence band depends on the masses, ratios, and types of mixtures of constituent atoms. Therefore, the random distribution of atoms in alloy semiconductors should be considered in the analysis of scattering mechanisms. For this purpose, the force equations of n atoms in a unit cell are expressed in a n x n matrix form to obtain the angular frequencies due to the acoustic and non-polar optical phonons. And, n is then assumed to be infinity. When this work is compared with other results published elsewhere, it is concluded that the independence of atomic displacement or amplitude of oscillation as ell as the infinite number of atoms in a unit cell must be taken into account for the random distribution of atoms in alloy semiconductors.