• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.127-151
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• 2016

UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts(PICC) was published in 1994. PICC has been functioned as a guideline of international commercial contracts, an applicable law to govern a contract by the agreement of the parties to a contract, general principles of law and lex mercatoria. In addition, PICC has a role of interpreting or supplementing international uniform law instruments as well as domestic laws, and also has served as a model for national and international legislations. PICC has been accepted as a authoritative source of knowledge of international trade usages of international commercial contracts to the arbitral tribunal rather than domestic court because it excluded the characteristics of hard law at the drafting stage. This article dealt with the rule on gross disparity of validity which fall outside the scope of UN Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods(CISG), which has obtained a leading legal position of uniform law in international sales of good. In other words, PICC suggests a series of meaningful solutions to the issue of gross disparity of contract which is the most complicated among legal disputes occurring during the process of conclusion of contact and also extremely different and diverse between legal systems. This article covered the issue of gross disparity of contract at the conclusion of contact and suggested the legal basis of several rules related to the gross disparity by analysing gross disparity rule of PICC. Furthermore, this article suggested legal check points or implication as well as interpretation and evaluation on doctrine of laesio enormis and undue influence or unconscionability. This article also dealt with a comparative analysis with Principles of European Contract Law(PECL) and Common European Sales Law(CESL) which have important legal positions in the area of international commercial contract as well as in terms of close relationship to PICC by linking with recent court or arbitral tribunal rulings.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 2009

This study investigates the preferences Chinese have of Korean Kimchi and improvements for Chinese market adaptation of Kimchi through a survey. The questionnaire was conducted on 298 Chinese(108 males, 190 females) residing in Weihai, Yantai and Qingdao in Shandong province. The questionnaire form was developed and used for self-administration. The collected data were analyzed by SAS package. Among the subjects, 88.9% had experienced eating Kimchi and 58.8% liked Kimchi. The preference of Kimchi was significantly higher among males, workers, persons who had visited Korea, and persons interested in Korea compared to females, university students, persons who hadn't visited Korea, and persons with no interest in Korea. The reasons for liking Kimchi, in order of popularity, were for its 'refreshing taste'(64.9%), 'spicy taste'(57.7%), 'chewy texture'(47.2%), and 'sour taste'(35.1%). The reasons for disliking Kimchi were for its 'smell'(19.6%), 'sour taste'(16.2%), 'salty taste'(14.3%), and 'appearance'(8.7%). Of those surveyed, 97.6% had a positive opinion of Kimchi intake in the future. The intention of future consumption of Kimchi was significantly higher in females than males. The type of Kimchi wanted by Chinese was 'less seasoning'(53.4%), 'less spicy'(46.0%), 'sweeter taste'(39.3%), 'less salty'(37.2%), and 'no fish-like smell'(35.6%). Improvements for increasing Chinese Kimchi consumption were 'development of Kimchi according to Chinese preference'(81.2%), 'improvement of sanitation'(73.5%), 'decrease in the sale price of Kimchi'(72.8%), and 'convenient place for the purchase of Kimchi'(63.8%).

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.117-130
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• 2007

Incheon International Airport has handled 3,054,485 transfer passengers (11.9% transfer rate) and 950,441 transfer cargo(44.2% transfer rate)recorded in 2005. Comparing to 30-40% transfer passenger rate which are competition hub airports in northeast Asia, transfer passenger rate of Incheon International Airport is lower. Above all, We think that Minimum Connecting Time(MCT) which is relating factors with transfer rate need to be monitored to make up for the weak points in the current Incheon internationalairport system. Minimum Connecting Time is defined the legally minimum time necessary to change planes at a given airport. and Transfers represent 35% of the total passenger volume at Vienna International Airport in Europe, which underscores our function as a major international hub. Vienna is rated priority in reservation systems because of our excellent minimum connecting time, and that increases the sale of tickets through our airport. In 2004 the total number of transfer passengers rose 18% to 5,089,624. Short routes, a one roof concept and an outstanding logistics system make Vienna an ideal airport for transfers. This transfer-friendly one roof concept will also form the basis for the new VlE-Skylink Terminal. In case of Japan, Star Alliance has also implemented its so called "Move under one roof"concept at the new Centrair airport. All member carriers are located in the same part of the termina1, sharing check-in counters and ticketing facilities. Star Alliance member carriers can now offer customersa reduced average minimum connecting time of one hour, for transfers between international and domestic. The research purpose of the Study on the Enhancement for Minimum Connecting Time of Incheon International Airport is to increase transfer rate of passenger and cargo of Incheon International Airport at Northeast Asia through this paper.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to provide implications for the government's housing supply policy by analyzing the factors that determine the type of real estate holding and household debt. This study started from the awareness that the determinants of household debt differ depending on the type of real estate holding. Research design, data and methodology: Real estate ownership type was classified and analyzed into 4 models: model 1 (1 household 1 house and self-resident), model 2 (1 household multiple real estate ownership and self-resident), model 3 (1 household 1 house and rent residence), model 4 (1 household holds a large number of real estate and rent residence). The analysis method used multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable was household total debt. As independent variables, household debt, annual gross household income, financial assets, real estate net assets, annual repayment, demographic & residential characteristics were used. Results: 1) Model 4 has the highest household debt and the highest gross income, Model 2 has the most real estate mortgage loans and real estate net asset, and Model 1 has the highest real estate mortgage payments. 2) The positive factor of common household debt determinants is real estate net assets, and the negative factor is financial assets. 3) It was the net assets of real estate that acted as a positive factor in common for the four models. In other words, the more financial assets, the less household debt. It was analyzed that the more net assets of real estate, the more household debt. The annual repayment of financial liabilities had no influence on household debt, while the annual repayment of loan liabilities and household debt had a positive relationship. Conclusions: 1) It is necessary to introduce benefits and systems that can increase the proportion of household financial asset. Specific alternatives include tax benefits and reduced fees for financial asset investment. 2) In the case where a homeless person prepares one house for one household, it is necessary to prepare various support measures according to the income level. The specific alternative is to give additional points for pre-sale or apply an interest rate cut incentive for mortgage loans.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

In Vietnam, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) took effect in March 2005 while MPOWER has been implemented since 2008. This paper describes the progress and challenges of implementation of the MPOWER package in Vietnam. We can report that, in term of monitoring, Vietnam is very active in the Global Tobacco Surveillance System, completing two rounds of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) and three rounds of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). To protect people from tobacco smoke, Vietnam has issued and enforced a law requiring comprehensive smoking bans at workplaces and public places since 2013. Tobacco advertising and promotion are also prohibited with the exception of points of sale displays of tobacco products. Violations come in the form of promotion girls, corporate social responsibility activities from tobacco manufacturers and packages displayed by retail vendors. Vietnam is one of the 77 countries that require pictorial health warnings to be printed on cigarette packages to warn about the danger of tobacco and the warnings have been implemented effectively. Cigarette tax is 70% of factory price which is equal to less than 45% of retail price and much lower than the recommendation of WHO. However, Vietnam is one of the very few countries that require manufacturers and importers to make "compulsory contributions" at 1-2% of the factory price of cigarettes sold in Vietnam for the establishment of a Tobacco Control Fund (TCF). The TCF is being operated well. In 2015, 67 units of 63 provinces/cities, 22 ministries and political-social organizations and 6 hospitals received funding from TCF to implement a wide range of tobacco control activities. Cessation services have been starting with a a toll-free quit-line but need to be further strengthened. In conclusion, Vietnam has constantly put efforts into the tobacco control field with high commitment from the government, scientists and activists. Though several remarkable achievements have been gained, many challenges remain. To overcome those challenges, implementation strategies that take into account the contextual factors and social determinants of tobacco use in Vietnam are needed.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.597-612
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• 2009

이 연구에서는 도자기를 모티브로 한 일본의 한 농촌지역의 지역활성화운동의 사례를 살펴보고자 하였다. 특히 도자기가 지역활성화의 모티브가 된 역사와 핵심 활동가집단의 이념적 특성과 역할, 그리고 변화하는 현실에 대한 지역사회의 대응전략 등을 중점적으로 검토하였다. 마시코(益子)지역의 도자기산업은 19세기에 본격적으로 발전하기 시작하였고, 20세기에 접어들어서 여러 번 고비를 겪었지만 1960년대부터 민예운동과 결합되면서 비교적 안정적으로 도자기산업이 성장하였다. 이러한 마시코의 경험은 1980년대 말 이후 일본정부가 주력하였던 '위로부터의' 지역활성화운동과는 달리 자생적인 '밑으로부터의' 지역활성화운동이라고 평가할 수 있다. 또한 일본 전국에 유행처럼 번진 지역활성화운동들보다 선행하여 지역의 전통적이고 토착적인 문화적 자원을 적극적으로 활용한 사례라고 할 수 있다. 민예운동과 결합한 마시코의 지역활성화운동은 문화예술가 집단의 이념적 지도를 바탕으로 부단히 변화하는 현실의 상황들에 적극적으로 대응하여 왔다. 그 대표적인 예로 들 수 있는 것이 1950년대 중반부터 일용 도자기생산으로부터 민예품 도자기생산으로의 전환과 1960년대 중반의 도자기생산 및 판매의 핵심활동가집단의 공식적 출범과 산지직매체계의 구축, 그리고 1980년대 이후의 본격적인 민관협력 등이다. 현재까지 도자기를 모티브로 한 마시코의 지역활성화운동은 비교적 성공적인 길을 걸어왔지만, 지역사회의 다양하고 복잡한 최근의 내부 분화는 현실의 조건에 맞게 새로운 전통을 만들어가야 하는 상황에 놓여 있다는 것을 말해준다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권4호
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• pp.426-434
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• 2009

본 연구는 우드칩과 우드펠릿의 전과정평가에 의한 각 공정별 비용 정보를 취합하여 최적 공정을 도출하고, 생산자 입장에서의 이윤과 소비자 입장에서의 효율성을 비교하고자 수행되었다. 비용은 기회비용에 준거하여 적용하였다. 분석 결과, 우드칩이 우드펠릿보다 생산비용이 저렴했고, 우드칩 생산비용이 가장 저렴한 공정은 현장에서 파쇄하여 소비처로 판매하는 공정으로 나타났다. 우드펠릿의 경우에는 현장에서 수집한 산물을 펠릿공장으로 운송하여 펠릿타이징하는 공정의 생산비용이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 판매수입에서 비용을 뺀 이윤은 우드칩이 우드펠릿보다 약간 더 높게 나타났다. 가격 대비 동일한 발열량을 얻기 위한 조건은 우드펠릿의 가격이 우드칩의 그것보다 약 1.27배일 때이다. 현실적으로 우드칩은 생산자 입장에서의 파쇄 현장이 분산됨에 따른 파쇄기 이동비용의 증가, 그리고 현장 주변에 소비처가 없음에 따른 저장비용의 증가 가능성이 높을 뿐만 아니라 이용자 입장에서의 부피가 큰 연료 저장 시설, 연료 보충에 따른 추가적인 노동 발생, 우드펠릿보다 더 많은 양의 재 발생으로 인한 잦은 처리, 우드칩의 자체 습기로 인한 하절기 부패의 가능성, 동절기 결빙 등의 불편함이 있다.