• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제13호
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• pp.187-196
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• 1997

A Study on the Characteristics of the Modern Chair Design The features of the modern chair design results from the diverse life style unfolded as per the 20th century social structure and the change of the residential space, and new design has been being developed by the scientists and the artists in various fields through their cooperated work in a way. The field of the scientific or technical study and creation of arts can be developed where they can evoke the sympathy in the circumstances under which the various styles of both arts and science meet across, complement crash together, and grow up. The operation which can control in the network of such pluralistic sphere has been needed for a long period and it has been facing the needs from a time and society. The engineering furniture as the counterplan of the above has brought the value of materials into relief to the forms of human life by making the properties of matter the maximum value or changing it. It can be summarized as following characteristics in its materials and forms along as well as the 3 types (handycrafty, mechanical, and ecological expression) in process through the 20th century. 1. Characteristics in Materials elasticity of the chair as per the changes of the flexibility in the steel pipe development of systematic chair using the plasticity of the plywood, plastic, and wire lightweight due to the materials such as aluminum. 2. Formative characteristics formative simplicity for the increase of the function and the quality improvement such as sociality, productivity, environmental and aesthetic nature emphasis on the structure as per the architectural environment and tecniques pursuit of the forms as a container of the human body seeking for the formative values as the cultural symbols coping with the needs from thepluralistic social structure Furniture is not the makeup for convenience sake but most importantexpression as necessaries of our environments. It should identify itself always as per these kind of needs and also it should be able to used to keep the relation of such mutual division, otherwise the purchase of new furniture should be necessary according to every change of the existing situatiov. Our residence doesn't need the specific style but expresses only the properties of the dwellers.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 제20권1호
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• pp.969-972
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• 2008

본 연구는 온도변화에 따라 기초영향인자가 콘크리트와 알루미늄 거푸집간의 표면 마감성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석한 것으로 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 육안관찰상 코팅합판과 무손상 알루미늄 거푸집의 경우 비슷한 결과를 나타냈으며, 온도변화에 따라서는 알루미늄 거푸집을 사용한 경우 온도가 높아질수록 표면품질이 약간씩 저하하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 표면조도의 경우 온도변화에 따른 차이는 거의 나타나지 않았으며, 박리제의 도포여부에 따른 차이가 발생하였다. 온도변화에 따른 표면공극분포는 온도가 증가할수록 $0.1{\sim}1mm$ 범위의 미세한 기포가 증가하여 화학반응이 촉진됨을 확인할 수 있었으며, 다른 범위의 공극도 증가하였다. 또한, 온도가 증가할수록 다른 인자들의 영향이 더욱 커지는 것을 확인할 수 있어 온도증가에 의해 알루미늄 거푸집을 이용하는 콘크리트의 표면품질이 저하함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.374-380
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• 2015

목질 바이오매스 자원의 효율적 에너지화 방안의 일환으로 소나무와 리기다소나무를 목재펠릿으로 만들고, 그 특성을 조사하였다. 제조된 목재펠릿의 함수율, 발열량, 회분, 겉보기밀도, 내구성, 원소분석을 측정하여 비교하였다. 소나무와 리기다소나무 목재펠릿의 원소분석의 결과, 소나무는 61.42% (C), 수소 5.56% (H), 산소 32.87% (O) 그리고 0.15% (N)로 나타났으며, 리기다소나무는 61.03% (C), 수소 5.96% (H), 산소 32.83% (O) 그리고 0.18% (N)로 나타나 두 수종 간에 거의 차이가 없었다. 각 시료의 발열량은 약 19 MJ/kg로서 품질규격 1급((${\geq}18.0MJ/kg$)을 만족시켰다. 회분량의 경우 소나무가 0.50%, 리기다소나무가 0.53%로 양자 간의 차이가 거의 없었으며, 품질규격 1급(${\leq}0.7%$)을 만족시켰다. 겉보기 밀도는 소나무 펠릿의 경우 $648kg/m^3$으로 품질규격 1급(${\geq}640kg/m^3$)을 만족시켰으나, 리기다소나무의 경우 $622kg/m^3$으로 품질규격 2급(${\geq}600kg/m^3$)을 만족시켰다. 함수율의 경우 두 수종 모두 품질규격 1급(${\leq}10%$)를 만족시켰으며, 내구성의 경우 소나무 목재펠릿은 품질규격 3급(${\geq}95%$)를 만족시켰으나 리기다소나무 목재펠릿은 내구성 품질규격을 만족시키지 못하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.4-14
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• 1974

The total forest land area in Korea accounts for some 67 percent of the nation's land total. Its productivity, however, is very low. Consequently, forest production accounts for only about 2 percent of the gross national product and a minor proportion of no more than about 5 percent versus primary industry. In this case, however, only the direct income from forestry is taken into account, making no reference to the forestry output induced by other industrial sectors. The value added Or the induced forestry output in manufacturing the primary wood products into higher quality products, makes a larger contribution to the economy than direct contribution. So, this author has tried to analyze the structure of forestry and compute the repercussion effect and the induced output of primary forest products when utilized by other industries for their raw materials, Hsing the input-output table and attached tables for 1963 and 1966 issued by the Bank of Korea. 1. Analysis of forestry structure A. Changes in total output Durng the nine-year period, 1961-1969, the real gross national product in Korea increased 2.1 times, while that of primary industries went up about 1. 4 times. Forestry which was valued at 9,380 million won in 1961, was picked up about 2. 1 times to 20, 120 million won in 1969. The rate of the forestry income in the GNP, accordingly, was no more than 1.5 percent both in 1961 and 1962, whereas its rate in primary industries increased 3.5 to 5.4 percent. Such increase in forestry income is attributable to increased forest production and rise in timber prices. The rate of forestry income, nonetheless, was on the decrease on a gradual basis. B. Changes in input coefficient The input coefficient which indicates the inputs of the forest products into other sectors were up in general in 1966 over 1963. It is noted that the input coefficient indicating the amount of forest products supplied to such industries closely related with forestry as lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture, showed a downward trend for the period 1963-1966. On the other hand, the forest input into other sectors was generally on the increase. Meanwhile, the input coefficient representing the yolume of the forest products supplied to the forestry sector itself showed an upward tendency, which meant more and more decrease in input from other sectors. Generally speaking, in direct proportion to the higher input coefficient in any industrial sector, the reinput coefficient which denotes the use of its products by the same sector becomes higher and higher. C. Changes in ratio of intermediate input The intermediate input ratio showing the dependency on raw materials went up to 15.43 percent m 1966 from 11. 37 percent in 1963. The dependency of forestry on raw materials was no more than 15.43 percent, accounting for a high 83.57 percent of value added. If the intermediate input ratio increases in any given sector, the input coefficient which represents the fe-use of its products by the same sector becomes large. D. Changes in the ratio of intermediate demand The ratio of the intermediate demand represents the characteristics of the intermediary production in each industry, the intermediate demand ratio in forestry which accunted for 69.7 percent in 1963 went up to 75.2 percent in 1966. In other words, forestry is a remarkable industry in that there is characteristics of the intermediary production. E. Changes in import coefficient The import coefficient which denotes the relation between the production activities and imports, recorded at 4.4 percent in 1963, decreased to 2.4 percent in 1966. The ratio of import to total output is not so high. F. Changes in market composition of imported goods One of the major imported goods in the forestry sector is lumber. The import value increased by 60 percent to 667 million won in 1966 from 407 million won in 1963. The sales of imported forest products to two major outlets-lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture-increased to 343 million won and 31 million won in 1966 from 240million won and 30 million won in 1963 respectively. On the other hand, imported goods valued at 66 million won were sold to the paper products sector in 1963; however, no supply to this sector was recorded in 1963. Besides these major markets, primary industries such as the fishery, coal and agriculture sectors purchase materials from forestry. 2. Analysis of repercussion effect on production The repercussion effect of final demand in any given sector upon the expansion of the production of other sectors was analyzed, using the inverse matrix coefficient tables attached to the the I.O. Table. A. Changes in intra-sector transaction value of inverse matrix coefficient. The intra-sector transaction value of an inverse matrix coefficient represents the extent of an induced increase in the production of self-support products of the same sector, when it is generated directly and indirectly by one unit of final demand in any given sector. The intra-sector transaction value of the forestry sector rose from 1.04 in 1963 to 1, 11 in 1966. It may well be said, therefore, that forestry induces much more self-supporting products in the production of one unit of final demand for forest products. B. Changes in column total of inverse matrix coefficient It should be noted that the column total indicates the degree of effect of the output of the corresponding and related sectors generated by one unit of final demand in each sector. No changes in the column total of the forestry sector were recorded between the 1963 and 1966 figures, both being the same 1. 19. C. Changes in difference between column total and intra-sector transaction amount. The difference between the column total and intra-sector transaction amount by sector reveals the extent of effect of output of related industrial sector induced indirectly by one unit of final demand in corresponding sector. This change in forestry dropped remarkable to 0.08 in 1966 from 0.15 in 1963. Accordingly, the effect of inducement of indirect output of other forestry-related sectors has decreased; this is a really natural phenomenon, as compared with an increasing input coefficient generated by the re-use of forest products by the forestry sector. 3. Induced output of forestry A. Forest products, wood in particular, are supplied to other industries as their raw materials, increasng their value added. In this connection the primary dependency rate on forestry for 1963 and 1966 was compared, i. e., an increase or decrease in each sector, from 7.71 percent in 1963 to 11.91 percent in 1966 in agriculture, 10.32 to 6.11 in fishery, 16.24 to 19.90 in mining, 0.76 to 0.70 in the manufacturing sector and 2.79 to 4.77 percent in the construction sector. Generally speaking, on the average the dependency on forestry during the period 1963-1966 increased from 5.92 percent to 8.03 percent. Accordingly, it may easily be known that the primary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries increased from 16, 109 million won in 1963 to 48, 842 million won in 1966. B. The forest products are supplied to other industries as their raw materials. The products are processed further into higher quality products. thus indirectly increasing the value of the forest products. The ratio of the increased value added or the secondary dependency on forestry for 1963 and 1966 showed an increase or decrease, from 5.98 percent to 7.87 percent in agriculture, 9.06 to 5.74 in fishery, 13.56 to 15.81 in mining, 0.68 to 0.61 in the manufacturing sector and 2.71 to 4.54 in the construction sector. The average ratio in this connection increased from 4.69 percent to 5.60 percent. In the meantime, the secondary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries rose from 12,779 million Wall in 1963 to 34,084 million won in 1966. C. The dependency of tertiary industries on forestry showed very minor ratios of 0.46 percent and 0.04 percent in 1963 and 1966 respectively. The forestry output induced by tertiary industry also decreased from 685 million won to 123 million won during the same period. D. Generally speaking, the ratio of dependency on forestry increased from 17.68 percent in 1963 to 24.28 percent in 1966 in primary industries, from 4.69 percent to 5.70 percent in secondary industries, while, as mentioned above, the ratio in the case of tertiary industry decreased from 0.46 to 0.04 percent during the period 1963-66. The mining industry reveals the heaviest rate of dependency on forestry with 29.80 percent in 1963 and 35.71 percent in 1966. As it result, the direct forestry income, valued at 8,172 million won in 1963, shot up to 22,724 million won in 1966. Its composition ratio lo the national income rose from 1.9 percent in 1963 to 2.3 per cent in 1966. If the induced outcome is taken into account, the total forestry production which was estimated at 37,744 million won in 1963 picked up to 105,773 million won in 1966, about 4.5 times its direct income. It is further noted that the ratio of the gross forestry product to the gross national product. rose significantly from 8.8 percent in 1963 to 10.7 percent in 1966. E. In computing the above mentioned ratio not taken into consideration were such intangible, indirect effects as the drought and flood prevention, check of soil run-off, watershed and land conservation, improvement of the people's recreational and emotional living, and maintenance and increase in the national health and sanitation. F. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the forestry sector exercices an important effect upon the national economy and that the effect of induced forestry output is greater than its direct income.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2000

폐목질재료의 탄화이용을 위한 제탄기술 확립과 이 탄화물들을 이용하여 토앙개량, 탈취, 수분등의 흡착, 미생물활동 담체, 하천등 수질정화제 등으로의 이용가능성을 알아보기 위해 탄화물의 몇 가지 성능을 조사하였다. 목질재료의 공업분석은 고정탄소는 약 17~20%, 회분 0.37~2.27%, 휘발분 70~74%로 나타났다. 탄화수율은 온도가 높아지면 수율이 감소됐으나 시간의 영향은 없었고, 목질재료간에도 차가 없었다. 수축율은 두께방향의 수축율이 너비, 길이 보다 현저히 높았고 탄화후 비중은 탄화전보다 30~40% 감소하였다. 탄화물의 공업분석은 회분 1.08~4.18%, 휘발분 5.88~13.79%, 고정탄소 80.15~90.94%로 나타났다. 탄화물의 수소이온농도는 합판, 파티클보드가($400^{\circ}C$ pH 9, $600^{\circ}C$ 와 $800^{\circ}C$ pH 10) 섬유판보다 높았다. 보수성은 탄화온도와 시간의 조건에 따른 영향이 없었으며 또한 탄화물간에도 차이가 없었다. 초기 24시간내의 보수성은 시료무게의 약 2~2.5배 정도로 나타났고, 그후 평형함수율은 2~10%룰 나타냈다. 간벌재 탄화물의 흡습성은 $20^{\circ}C$, RH 90%에서 9.40~11.82%, $20^{\circ}C$, RH 65%에서 6.87~7.61, $20^{\circ}C$, RH 25%에서 1.69~2.81%로 나타났다. 목질재료 탄화물의 조습능력은 $20^{\circ}C$, RH 90%에서의 간벌재 탄화물과 비슷한 값(약 9~11%) 을 보였으나 $20^{\circ}C$, RH 25%, 65%에서는 목질재료 탄화물의 흡습력이 약 2~3% 높게 나타났다. 모든 목질재료 탄화물은 분말활성탄 선정표준(JWWA K 113-1947)이 정하는 기준치를 만족하였다.