• Journal of The Korean Digital Architecture Interior Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

Light creates ambiance that affects our impression of space. Before the modern age, the role of light is a religious factor and a primitive state to see. In the modern space design, light is used to achieve the continuous transformation and translation of building's image. Ever-changing space is a flexible corresponding of space to its environment, caused by certain dynamic light. The space turn into some other thing from what it was before, or just changing its character. approaching men and society with different meanings. The purpose of this study is to explore the relation between light(natural and artificial) and ever-changing space through the case study. The impacts of light on ever-changing in today's space design can be summarized as follows. 1) Materialization of light in space design. Nowadays light becomes a form itself. The geometric properties of the space form playa secondary role as compared to the importance assigned to light. 2) Pixelization of space by a light effect. The impacts of digital technology on the space design have come through enhancing the 'pixelization' of the surface from which buildings are made their responsiveness and adaptability to changing needs. The surface with ever-changing lights that blur the boundary of space and expand the image of space.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.283-287
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• 2006

Although estrogen is known to playa role in fatty acid metabolism, it remains unclear whether fatty acid oxidation in mature female rats differs from fatty acid oxidation in peri-pubertal young rats. In this study, we measured fatty acid metabolism in the skeletal muscles and livers of 5 and 50 weeks old male and female rats. The rate of palmitate oxidation in the liver and gastrocnemius red in the 50-week-old female rats were elevated as compared to the 5-week-old females, whereas there were no differences in the male rats. The rate of palmitate oxidation in the gastrocnemius red was correlated inversely with intra-abdominal fat mass in the 5-week-old male and female rats, whereas the palmitate oxidation rate was positively correlated with fat mass in the liver and gastrocnemius red in the 50-week-old rats. HOMA-IR and plasma insulin levels were positively correlated with intra-abdominal fat mass in the pooled 50-week-old male and female rats, but this correlation was not apparent in 5-week-old rats. In summary, the rate of fatty acid oxidation measured in the middle-aged adult female rats was significantly higher than those measured in the peri-pubertal young female rats. This difference may be attributed to the influence of ovarian hormones.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.343-347
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• 2006

The present study was designed to investigate the effects renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), endothelin (ET) and local natriuretic peptide (NP) system for glomerulopathy induced in the experimental bilateral ureteral obstructive rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats ($200{\sim}220g$ body weight) were bilaterally obstructed by ligation of the proximal ureters for 24 hours. Control rats were treated in the same ways, except that no ligature was made. The glomeruli were isolated from cortex by graded sieve methods, and the mRNA expressions of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and NP system were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Following the bilateral ureteral obstruction, the mRNA expressions of renin, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 as well as ET-1 were increased, while that of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 was not changed. The expressions of CYP11B2 and angiotensin II receptors were not changed. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) expression was increased, while its receptors (natriuretic peptide receptor-B) were not changed. We suggest that the upregulation of local RAS and ET playa role in the progressive glomerular injury, and that the enhanced CNP activity also plays a compensatory role in obstructive uropathy in the glomerulus.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.423-431
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• 1995

Trigeminal spinal sensory nucleus is a main relay site in transmission of orofacial pain. Glutamate and aspartate playa role in transmission of primary afferents. This experiment was performed to study the role of capsaicin, KR-25018 and shogaol on the release of glutamate and aspartate from trigeminal spinal sensory nucleus. Release of excitatory amino acids(EAAs) was induced by electrical stimulation of oral mucosa with innocuous or noxious stimuli. Capsaicin($10{\mu}M$), KR-25018($10{\mu}M$), shogaol($10{\mu}M$), ruthenium red and capsazapine were added to perfusion solution to observe the changes in EAA release, and glutamate and aspartate were determined by HPLC. Release of glutamate and aspartate from trigeminal sensory nucleus was increased by noxious stimulation of oral mucosa, but innocuous stimulation did not affect on the release of EAA Capsaicin and KR-25018 increased the release of glutamate and aspartate, and effect of KR-25018 on release of EAA was more potent than capsaicin. But shogaol had a weak effect on release of EAA. Effect of capsaicin and KR-25018 was partially blocked by capsaicin antagonists, ruthenium red and capsazepine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.200-209
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• 2002

Visual acuity Decrease is one of the most common symptoms of adolescents. Acupuncture method has been used for improvement of visual acuity from ancient period. But it is not sufficent to recognize underlying causes and predisposing factors of visual acuity decrease. So we investigate the common causes and factors on myopia outpatients group. We researched 992 outpatients who were treated at Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, National Medical Center from June 2001 to May 2002. The outpatients were classified into several groups according to visual acuity and age. Common predisposing factors of visual acuity decrease were assessed through questionnaires based on the Classics of the traditional oriental medical bibliography. The results are as follows; age distribution is 52.9$\%$ for female, 47.1$\%$ for male. The predisposing factors were ranked as poor posture(66.9$\%$), unbalanced diet(57.2$\%$), heredity(53.8$\%$), irregular diet habit(51.3$\%$) and so on. These results playa role as preliminary data in recongnition of myopia in the view of oriental medicine.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.251-268
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• 1986

Selecting a site for the safe disposal of radioactive waste requires the evaluation of a wide range of geologic, mineralogic, hydrologic, and physicochemical properties. Although highly diverse, these properties are in fact interrelated. Site requirements are also diverse because they are influenced by the nature of the radionuclides in the waste, for example, their half-lives, specific energy, and chemistry. A fundamental consideration in site selection is the mineralogy of the host rock, and one of the most ubiquitous mineral groups is clay minerals. Clays and clay minerals as in situ lithologic components and engineered barriers may playa significant role in retarding the migration of radionuclides. Their high sorptivity, longevity (stability), low permeability, and other physical factors should make them a very effective retainer of most radionuclides in nuclear wastes. There are, however, some unanswered questions. For example, how will their longevity and physicochemical properties be influenced by such factors as radionuclide concentration, radiation intensity, elevated temperatures, changes in redox condition, pH, and formation fluids for extended periods of time? Understanding of mechanisms affecting clay mineral-radionuclide interactions under prevailing geochemical conditions is important; however, the utilization of experimental geochemical information related to physicochemical properties of clays and clay-bearing materials with geohydrologic models presents a uniquely challenging problem in that many assessments have to be based on model predictions rather than on experiments. These are high-priority research investigations that need to be addressed before complete reliance for disposal area performance is made on clays and clay minerals.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.380.2-380.2
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• 2002

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-$\gamma$ is a nuclear hormone receptor family that plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of genes in cellular lipid and energy metabolism. In our search for Iigands for PPAR-$\gamma$ from natural resources. two phenylpropanoids. 3.4.5-Trimethoxy cinnamylalcohol (1) and 3.4.5- Trimethoxy cinnamaldehyde (2). were isolated as PPAR-$\gamma$ agonists from the MeOH extracts of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb. & ZUCCo (Rutaceae) by activity-guided fractionation. These two compoundS bind and activated PPAR-$\gamma$ transcriptional activity in a dose dependent manner assessed by ligand-binding assay. While the maximum activities for PPAR-$\gamma$ of these compounds were comparable with that of rosiglitazone. which is currently used in the treatment of Type II diabetes. the potency of these compounds were much weaker than rosiglitazone ($ED_{50}$=t.2$\mu\textrm{M}$) with the $ED_{50}$ values of 9.08 and 4.08 $\mu\textrm{M}$. respectively. To examine the structure-activity relationship of phenylpropanoids. we prepared several phenylpropanoid derivatives and measured the activity. We observed that substituents at 4'- position could playa key role in determining the potency for PPAR-$\gamma$ agonistic activity .

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.895-902
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• 2002

Monocytes and macrophages playa major role in defense mechanism of the host response to tumor, in part through the secretion of several potent products and macrophage cytokines. Monocytes and tissue macro phages produce at least two groups of protein mediators of inflammation, interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Recent studies emphasizes that TNF and IL-1 modulate the inflammatory function of endothelial cells, leukocytes, and fibroblasts. In this study, our work is directed toward studying the in vitro effects of Korean propolis on the ability to induce cellular and secretory responses in murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. It was found that Water Extract of Korean Propolis (WEP) could activate macro phages by producing cytokines. The production of the macrophage cytokines, IL-1 and TNF-$\alpha$, by RAW 264.7 treated with WEP was examined from 2.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml up to 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml with dose dependent manner. Nitric oxide (NO) production was also increased when cells were exposed to combination of LPS and WEP from 2.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml up to 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. At high dose of WEP (50 to 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) used to prescribe for anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine showed inhibition of NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophage. Besides cytokine production, NO release, surface molecule expression and cell morphologic antigen expression were increased in response to the stimulation by WEP. These results suggested WEP may function through macrophage activation.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.211-215
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• 2008

The HMG box containing protein (HBP) has a high mobility group domain and involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of tissues. We screened HBP2 in glioblastoma using Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) and isolated human spermatogonial stem cell-like cells (hSSC-like cells) derived from patients of nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Expression of HBP2 was analyzed by RT-PCR in undifferentiated stem cells (human Embryonic Stem Cells, hSSC-like cells 2P) and spontaneous differentiated stem cells (hSSC-like cells 4P). It was overexpressed in hESC and hSSC-like cells 2P but not in hSSC-like cells 4P. Also, the expression level of HBP2 was downregulated in colon tumor tissues compared to normal tissues. Specifically in synchronized WI-38 cells, HBP2 was highly upregulated until the G1 phase of the cell cycle and gradually decreased during the S phase. Our results suggest that HBP2 was downregulated during the spontaneous differentiation of hSSC-like cells. HBP2 was differently expressed in colon tissues and was related to G1-progression in WI-38 cells. It may playa role in the maintenance of an undifferentiated hSSC-like cell state and transits from G1 to S in WI-38 cells. This research was important that it identified a biomarker for an undifferentiated state of hSSC-like cells and characterized its involvement to arrest during cell cycle in colon cancer.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 1998

BRCA1 is a tumor suppresser gene in familial cases of breast cancer. It has been controversial whether the subcellular localization of BRCA1 is located in nuclei or cytoplasm in normal human breast cells. We found that a p220 protein was expressed in Type II Normal human breast epithelial cells (NHBEC) but not in Type I NHBEC in Western blot analysis using the 17F8 (3A2) antibody. Immunostaining using the same antibody revealed positive staining in nuclei, cytoplasm and perinuclei of Type II cells and negative staining in Type I NHBEC. The p220 protein, however, was expressed in SV40 immortalized Type I NHBEC and tumorigenic cells derived from them after x-ray and neu oncogene treatment. The subcelluar localization was mostly cytoplasmic and punctate in the nuclei. The breast carcinoma cell lines, MCF-7 and T47D, also expressed the p220 protein. Using RT-PCR, we observed the expression of BRCA1 mRNA in both Type I and Type II NHBEC. This result indicated that there might be mechanisms involved in post-translational or translational regulation of BRCA1 gene. It is speculated that the absence of BRCA1 protein expression in Type I NHBEC might playa role in their susceptibility to neoplastic transformation.