• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.656-662
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• 2007

고분자 전해질 연료전지 운전에 필요한 수소 공급 장치로서 플라즈마 개질 방법을 이용한 개질기와 일산화탄소 산화반응을 위한 전이 반응기를 설계 및 제작하였다. GlidArc 방전을 이용한 저온플라즈마 개질기는 Ni 촉매를 동시에 사용하여 $CH_4$ 개질함으로서 $H_2$ 선택도를 증대하였다. 개질기의 변수별 연구로서 촉매 온도, 가스 조성비, 전체 가스유량, 전압변화 그리고 개질 특성 및 최적 수소 생산조건을 연구하였으며, 전이반응기의 변수별 연구로서 선택적 산화반응기(PrOx)에 주입되는 공기량, 전이 반응기에 주입되는 수증기량 그리고 온도에 대하여 연구하였다. 플라즈마 개질기에서 최대 수소 생산 조건은 $O_2/C$ 비가 0.64, 가스유량은 14.2 l/min, 촉매 반응기 온도 $672^{\circ}C$ 그리고 유입전력이 1.1 kJ/L일 때 41.1%로 최대 수소 농도를 나타냈다. 그리고 이때의 $CH_4$ 전환율, $H_2$ 수율 그리고 개질기 에너지 밀도는 각각 88.7%, 54%, 35.2%를 나타냈다. 전이 반응기에서 모사된 개질 가스로부터 최대 CO 전환율을 보이는 조건은 2단으로 구성된 PrOx에 주입되는 $O_2/C$ 비가 0.3, HTS에서 주입되는 수증기 주입량 비가 2.8 그리고 HTS, LTS, PrOx I, PrOx II 반응기 온도가 475, 314, 260, $235^{\circ}C$ 일때 가장 높은 CO 전환율을 나타냈다. 플라즈마를 이용한 반응기는 예열 시간은 30분이 소요되었으며, 전이 반응기에서 나오는 최종 개질 가스의 조성은 $H_2$ 38%, CO<10 ppm, $N_2$ 36%, $CO_2$ 21% 그리고 $CH_4$ 4%로 나타냈다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제40회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.421-422
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• 2011

The first part is about development of a liquid target for a neutron source, which is designed to overcome many of the limitations of traditional beam-target neutron generators by utilizing a liquid target neutron source. One of the most critical aspects of the beam-target neutron generator is the target integrity under the beam exposure. A liquid target can be a good solution to overcome damage to the target such as target erosion and depletion of hydrogen isotopes in the active layer, especially for the one operating at high neutron fluxes with no need for water cooling. There is no inherent target lifetime for the liquid target neutron generator when used with continuous refreshment of the target surface exposed to the energetic beam. In this work, liquid target containing hydrogen has been developed and tested in vacuum environment. Potentially, liquid targets could allow a point neutron source whose spatial extension is on the order of 1 to $10{\mu}m$. And the second is about the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrometer which is designed as a five-channel spectral system for ITER main plasma measurement. To develop and verify the design, a two-channel prototype system was fabricated with No. 3 (14.4 nm~31.8 nm) and No. 4 (29.0 nm~60.0 nm) among the five channels. For test of the prototype system, a hollow cathode lamp is used as a light source. The system is composed of a collimating mirror to collect the light from source to slit, and two holographic diffraction gratings with toroidal geometry to diffract and also to collimate the light from the common slit to detectors. The two gratings are positioned at different optical distances and heights as designed. To study the appropriate detector for ITER VUV system, two different electronic detectors of the back-illuminated charge coupled device and the micro-channel plate electron multiplier were installed and the performance has been investigated and compared in the same experimental conditions. The overall system performance was verified by measuring the spectrums.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.216-225
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• 2006

This paper presents a new circuit topology of DC busline switch and snubbing capacitor-assisted full-bridge soft-switching PWM inverter type DC-DC power converter with a high frequency link for low voltage large current applications as DC feeding systems, telecommunication power plants, automotive DC bus converters, plasma generator, electro plating plants, fuel cell interfaced power conditioner and arc welding power supplies. The proposed power converter circuit is based upon a voltage source-fed H type full-bridge high frequency PWM inverter with a high frequency transformer link. The conventional type high frequency inverter circuit is modified by adding a single power semiconductor switching device in series with DC rail and snubbing lossless capacitor in parallel with the inverter bridge legs. All the active power switches in the full-bridge inverter arms and DC busline can achieve ZVS/ZVT turn-off and ZCS turn-on commutation operation. Therefore, the total switching losses at turn-off and turn-on switching transitions of these power semiconductor devices can be reduced even in the high switching frequency bands ranging from 20 kHz to 100 kHz. The switching frequency of this DC-DC power converter using IGBT power modules is selected to be 60 kHz. It is proved experimentally by the power loss analysis that the more the switching frequency increases, the more the proposed DC-DC converter can achieve high performance, lighter in weight, lower power losses and miniaturization in size as compared to the conventional hard switching one. The principle of operation, operation modes, practical and inherent effectiveness of this novel DC-DC power converter topology is proved for a low voltage and large current DC-DC power supplies of arc welder applications in industry.

• 분석과학
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.416-421
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• 2001

수소화물 발생 유도결합 플라스마 원자 방출 분광법으로 주석을 분석할 때 연속 흐름 수소화물 발생 장치에 사용되는 환원제 및 산의 농도에 대하여 최적조건을 확립하였다. 시료에 함유되어 있는 플루오르화 이온이 주석의 수소화물 발생을 방해하는 영향과 이러한 영향을 최소화하기 위한 여러 가지 예비환원제를 비교 실험하였다. 환원제 및 안정제의 농도가 $NaBH_4$ 1~2%/NaOH 1.0 M인 조건에서 우수한 수소화물을 발생시키는 산농도는 0.5~1.0 M 이었으며, 또한 플루오르화 이온의 방해영향이 매우 크게 관찰되었지만 boric acid 및 L-cysteine의 혼합용액은 이런 영향을 최소화하여 가장 효과적인 주석의 수소화물 발생 보조제로 확인되었다. 플루오르화 이온이 함유되어 있는 용액에서 미량의 주석을 분석하여 회수율이 100~108 %의 결과를 얻었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.713-719
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• 2018

Dipeptidyl peptidase4 (DPP4) inhibitors such as gemigliptin are antidiabetic drugs elevating plasma concentration of incretins such as GLP-1. In addition to the DPP4 inhibition, gemigliptin might directly improve the functions of vessels under pathological conditions. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether the acetylcholine-induced endothelium dependent relaxation (ACh-EDR) of mesenteric arteries (MA) are altered by gemigliptin pretreatment in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) under hyperglycemia-like conditions (HG; 2 hr incubation with 50 mM glucose). ACh-EDR of WKY was reduced by the HG condition, which was significantly recovered by $1{\mu}M$ gemigliptin while not by saxagliptin and sitagliptin up to $10{\mu}M$. The ACh-EDR of SHR MA was also improved by $1{\mu}M$ gemigliptin while similar recovery was observed with higher concentration ($10{\mu}M$) of saxagliptin and sitagliptin. The facilitation of ACh-EDR by gemigliptin in SHR was not observed under pretreatment with NOS inhibitor, L-NAME. In the endothelium-denuded MA of SHR, sodium nitroprusside induced dose-dependent relaxation was not affected by gemigliptin. The ACh-EDR in WKY was decreased by treatment with $30{\mu}M$ pyrogallol, a superoxide generator, which was not prevented by gemigliptin. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 analogue, could not enhance the ACh-EDR in SHR MA. The present results of ex vivo study suggest that gemigliptin enhances the NOS-mediated EDR of the HG-treated MA as well as the MA from SHR via GLP-1 receptor independent mechanism.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2004

This work investigated the material properties of Ni-P-B alloy electrodeposits obtained from a Ni sulfamate bath as a function of the contents of the P and B sources($H_3PO_3$ and dimethyl amine borane complex(DMAB), respectively) with/without additives. Chemical composition, residual stress, microstructure and micro hardness were investigated using ICP(inductively coupled plasma) mass spectrometer, flexible strip, XRD, TEM and micro Vickers hardness tester, respectively. From the results of the compositional analysis, it was observed that P and B are incorporated competitively during the electrodeposition and the sulfur from the additive is codeposited into the electrodeposit. The measured residual stress value increased in the order of Ni, Ni-P, Ni-B and Ni-P-B electrodeposits indicating that boron affects the residual tensile stress greater than phosphorus. As the contents of the alloying element sources of P and B increased, crystallinity and the grain size of the electrodeposit decreased. The effect of boron on crystallinity and grain size was also relatively larger than the phosphorus. It can be explained that the boron with a smaller atomic radius contributes to the increase of residual stress in the tensile direction and the larger restraining force against the grain growth more significantly than the phosphorus with a larger atomic radius. Introduction of an additive into the bath retarded crystallization and grain growth, which may be attributed to the change of the grain growth kinetics induced by the additive adsorbed on the substrate and electrodeposit surfaces during electrodeposition.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.510-510
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• 2012

반도체, 디스플레이, 태양광 등의 공정에서 사용되는 웨이퍼의 크기가 증가하고, 생산률이 플라즈마의 밀도에 비례한다는 연구 결과가 발표되면서 대면적 고밀도 플라즈마 소스 개발에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 특히, ECR, ICP, Helicon plasma 등 고밀도 플라즈마 소스에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이에 따라, 여러 개의 ICP를 결합한 multiple ICP를 이용해 대면적 고밀도 플라즈마 소스 개발을 진행했다. Multiple ICP의 경우 각 ICP 소스에 같은 power (current)를 공급해야만 균일한 플라즈마 방전이 발생되어 균일도를 확보 할 수 있다. Current controller 같은 추가적인 장비를 설치하지 않고, power를 분배하는 transmission line을 coaxial 형태로 설계하고 같은 길이로 병렬 연결함으로써 각각의 ICP소스에서 균일한 플라즈마를 방전시킬 수 있었다. Power generator에서 보는 각 ICP의 total impedance는 각 ICP 소스의 impedance와 coaxial 형태의 transmission line의 characteristic impedance, frequency, 길이의 함수로 구할 수 있고, 이 total impedance가 일정하기 때문에 current가 균등하게 분배되어 각 ICP소스에 균등한 power 분배가 가능한 것이다. 실질적으로 ICP 소스의 impedance는 플라즈마 방전 유무에 따라 변화하기 때문에 일정하게 유지하는 것은 어렵다. Transmission line의 characteristic을 사용함으로써 ICP의 impedance의 변화에 상관없이 Total impedance를 일정하게 유지시킴으로써 균등한 power 분배가 가능하다는 것을 연구했다. Frequency는 13,56MHz, characteristic impedance를 $50{\Omega}$ (coaxial cable)으로 고정하고, ICP 소스의 플라즈마 방전 유무/antenna turn/소스 위치에 따른 total impedance를 transmission line의 길이에 따라 측정하고, 이를 이론값, 그래프와 비교하였다. 특정 length에서 플라즈마 방전 유무(ICP의 impedance 변화)와 상관없이 비교적 일정한 total impedance를 유지하는 것을 확인 했다. 이것은 특정 길이를 갖는 coaxial형태의 transmission line를 연결하면, total impedance는 플라즈마 방전 유무로 발생하는 ICP의 impedance 변화와 상관없이 일정하게 유지되어 각 ICP소스에 균등한 파워 분배가 가능하다는 것을 보여준 결과이다. 이것을 토대로 frequency에 따라(또는 characteristic impedance에 따라) 균등한 파워 분배가 가능한 coaxial 형태 transmission line의 특정 길이를 구할 수 있고, 대면적 소스에서 균등한 파워 분배를 위한 병렬연결에 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2018

본 논문은 RF 전력 반도체를 사용한 고출력 전력증폭기를 구현한 것으로 기존의 플라즈마 발생 장치에 사용되는 마그네트론 방식의 고출력 증폭기 문제점인 낮은 효율과 짧은 수명, 유지 보수의 어려움 그리고 높은 운용비용 등을 개선하기 위한 것이다. 구현된 고출력 전력증폭기는 2.45 GHz ISM (industrial scientific medical) 대역에서 공간 결합방식을 이용한 저 손실, 고출력 레디알 결합기와 반도체로 3 kW급 출력을 얻기 위해서 300 W 급 전력 증폭기 16개의 증폭기로 구성되어 있다. 또한, 이 증폭기는 개별적인 증폭기에 수냉 방식의 구조를 적용하여 고출력에 따른 발열문제를 극복하였다. 소형 시스템으로 구성된 이 전력증폭기는 원하는 출력에서 50%의 높은 효율을 얻었다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.296-300
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• 2003

Extended cylindrical magnetron sputtering system with rotating 600-mm long and 90-mm diameter graphite cathode and pulsed power supply voltage generator were developed and fabricated. Time-dependent Langmuir probe characteristics as well as carbon films thickness were measured. It was shown that ratio of ions flux to carbon atoms flux for pulsed magnetron discharge mode was equal to $\Phi_{i}$ $\Phi$sub C/ = 0.2. It did not depend on the discharge current in the range of $I_{d}$ / = 10∼60 A since both the plasma density and the film deposition rate were found approximately proportional to the discharge current. In spite of this fact carbon film structure was found to be strongly dependent on the discharge current. Grain size increased from 100 nm at $I_{d}$ = 10∼20 A to 500 nm at $I_{d}$ = 40∼60 A. To deposit fine-grained hard nanocrystalline or amorphous carbon coating current regime with $I_{d}$ = 20 A was chosen. Pulsed negative bias voltage ($\tau$= 40 ${\mu}\textrm{s}$, $U_{b}$ = 0∼10 ㎸) synchronized with magnetron discharge pulses was applied to a substrate and voltage of $U_{b}$ = 3.4 ㎸ was shown to be optimum for a hard carbon film deposition. Lower voltages were not sufficient for amorphization of a growing graphite film, while higher voltages led to excessive ion bombardment and effects of recrystalization and graphitization.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권2호
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• pp.174-179
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• 2021

Recently, hybrid coal research is underway to upgrade low-grade coal. The hybrid coal is made by mixing low-grade coal with bioliquids such as molasses, sugar cane, and lignin. In the case of lignin used here, a large amount of lignin is included in the wastewater of the papermaking process, and thus, research on hybrid coal production using the same is attracting attention. However, since a large amount of metal ions are contained in the lignin wastewater from the papermaking process, substances that corrode the generator are generated during combustion, and the amount of fly ash is increased. To solve this problem, it is essential to remove metal ions in the lignin wastewater. In this study, metal ions were removed by ion exchange with a alumina hollow fiber membrane coated with K-Phillipsite (K-PHI) zeolite. The alumina hollow fiber membrane used as the support was prepared by the nonsolvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method, and K-PHI seeds were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The prepared K-PHI seed was seeded on the surface of the support and coated by secondary growth hydrothermal synthesis. The characteristic of prepared coating membrane was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), and the concentration of metal ions before and after ion exchange was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). The extraction amount of K+ is 86 mg/kg, and the extraction amount of Na+ is 54.9 mg/kg. Therefore, K-PHI zeolite membrane has the potential to remove potassium and sodium ions from the solution and can be used in acidic lignin wastewater.