• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.164-170
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• 1993

Panax ginseng has been reported to protect animals or to help them recover from physical, chemical, or biological stress. The antistress effects of ginseng were evaluated through the measurement of adrenal ascorbic acid, rectal temperature, and plasma level of glucose. lipids and corticosterone. During the treadmill experiments of the antifatigue study, the groups of rats receiving P. ginseng or P. quinquefolius extracts were consistently found to leave fewer fecal boli on the wheel compared with controls. This phenomenon may be due to the reported antistress effects of ginseng. Another possibility could be that the Panax species examined produced anticholinergic effects which in turn inhibited the production of fecal boli. After an anticholinergic study. employing physostigmine and atropine as controls, anticholinergic effect was found not essential for the decrease of fecal boli number left on the wheels during antifatigue studies. The results were consistent with the antistress activity reported previously. Even though the active constituents responsible for the antistress effects of ginseng remained to be determined, the fecal boli counts for stressed rats can be employed as a new protocol for evaluating the antistress effects of ginseng.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

Objectives : Investigation of the antidepressant effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix (GR) through the anti-inflammatory effect. Methods : Depression in rats was induced by LPS (i,p.3days). The rats were treated with GR100 mg/kg (GR 100) or GR400 mg/kg (GR 400). The depressive immobility was examined with Tail Suspension Test(TST) and Forced Swimming Test(FST). The expression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$(NF-${\kappa}B)$, $I{\kappa}B$ was measured with western blotting. The concentration of corticosterone, cytokine in plasma was measured with ELISA. The expression of c-Fos in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in the locus coeluleus(LC) were measured with immunostaining method. Results : In the TST, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time compared with the LPS group. In the FST, GR100, GR400 group significantly decreased immobility time comparing with the LPS group. c-Fos expression in GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the lipoplysaccharide(LPS) group. The $I{\kappa}B$ expression of GR100 and GR400 group was increased comparing with the LPS group. The level of corticosterone of GR100 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. The concentration of cytokine of GR100 and GR400 group was decreased comparing with the LPS group. TH expression in the LC was increased in LPS group, but in GR100 and GR400 group was not shown significant decrease. Conclusion : According to this results obtained, GR has antidepressant effects by the anti inflammatory action through the suppression of HPA axis activity, not through the action against the catecholaminergic system.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of stocking density and strain on the performance and physiological adaptive responses including the plasma corticosterone content and the level of mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymes in broiler chicks. A total of 300 birds of two strains (150 Ross strain vs. 150 Cobb strain) aged 3-d old were allotted into two stocking densities (standard stocking density,$0.046m^2/bird$ vs. high stocking density, $0.023m^2/bird$) in battery cages by $2{\times}2$ factorial designs with ten replicates until 35 d of age. There was no significant strain effect on body weight, feed intakes and feed to gain ratio and the relative organ weights. However body weight, feed intakes and relative organ weight were found to be significantly (P<0.05) affected by the effect of stocking density. Plasma corticosterone level was not affected by both stocking density and strain effects. Hepatic mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), IL-6, IL-18 and interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) was not significantly changed by the effects of strain and stocking density. However, the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was affected by strain, showing that Ross strain decreased (P<0.05) the GPX expression. With respect to the effect of stocking density, there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and GPX mRNA expression in the liver from high stocking density group. Splenic pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was not also affected by stocking density and strain, except that IL-18 mRNA significantly (P<0.05) decreased in Cobb strain under high stocking density. The mRNA expression of SOD and CAT was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the effects of stocking density and strain. In conclusion, growth performance was not affected by strain but stocking density. Although mRNA expression of major pro-inflammatory cytokines was not changed by stocking density and strain, antioxidant enzyme was significantly affected by stocking density, strain or even organ in birds under summer conditions. More detailed studies still needed to be explored to elucidate the effects of environmental conditions and genetic background on physiological responses in birds.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.472-479
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• 1996

To investigate the effect of dietary lipids and stress on brain catecholamine and serotonin concentration, sixty three weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats(mean body weight$\pm$SD : 171$\pm$3g) were fed a diet containing fish oil, soybean oil or beef tallow and than, each was exposed to three different types of stress, isolated, grouped or cold, respectively. Cold stress seemed to be most severe and living together in a large cage with some playing equipments is more stressful than living alone in a classical small cage evidenced by plasma corticosterone level. Average food intake and body weight gain were not significantly different among exprimental groups. In adrenal catecholamines, norepinephrine was significantly affected by diet and stress and dopamine was by stress. Norepinephrine concentration of the fish oil group was lowest among diet groups. Adrenal epinephrine, however, was not. It was also shown than the cold stress significantly increased the brain norepinephrine concentration. The cold stress significantly induced higher content of brain serotonin than the grouped stress. However, the concentratin of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA), the metabolite of serotonin, was not significantly different among groups. Therefore, this results suggest that stress affects sympathetic neuronal activity, and fish oil might lighten the burden of stress.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.4-4
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate anti-stress effect of Nelumbo nucifera extract (NNE) inimmobilization - stressed ICR mice. Stress exposure has induced adrenal gland weight, plasma glucose and level in NNE. The experiments were performed with the use of 9 weeks of age male ICR mice (20-25g) at the time of first treatment with NNE. Animals of the normal group were not exposed to any stress and the control group were exposed to stress. The rats of NNE and Diazepam (BZ) supplementary group were orally administered once a day, 100 mg of NNE, 5 mg of BZ extract/kg body weight and they were exposed to stress. Animals were given supplements for 7 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with restraining. NNE was effective in decreasing scopolamine induced deficit in passive avoidance test and levels of blood corticosterone which was increased by stress in the mice.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1581-1586
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of two types of housing systems and early age feed restriction on stress and fear reactions, and performance in broiler chickens raised in a hot, humid tropical climate. On day 1, chicks were housed either in windowless environmentally controlled chambers (temperature was set at 32$^{\circ}C$ on day 1 and gradually reduced to 23$^{\circ}C$ by day 21) or in conventional open-sided houses (OH) with cyclic temperatures (minimum, 24$^{\circ}C$; maximum, 34$^{\circ}C$). An equal number of chicks from each housing system was subjected to either ad libitum feeding (AL) or 60% feed restriction on day 4, 5 and 6 (FR). The CH birds showed greater weight gain, higher feed consumption and better feed conversion ratios (FCR) than their OH counterparts. Feeding regimen had negligible effect on overall performance. Neither housing nor feeding regimen had a significant (p<0.05) effect on mortality rate. Although the CH birds were less stressed, as measured by plasma corticosterone concentration (CORT), than those of OH, the former showed longer TI duration suggesting higher magnitude of underlying fearfulness. A significant (p<0.05) effect of housing on heterophil/lymphocyte ratios was only noted among the AL birds where the CH birds had higher values than OH. Collectively, these results suggest that although OH birds had poorer performance and higher level of stress than CH, the former were less fearful. Although FR had negligible effect on growth performance, the regimen alleviated both stress and fear reactions in broilers.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.69-76
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• 2015

Objectives : The effect of mixture extracted from Bupleuri Radix and Physalidis Herba(BR+RH) on the LPS-induced Depression in rats was investigated. Methods : Rats were administered intragastrically BR+PH after injectio of LPS to induce deprssion. Immobility was examined using Tail Suspension Test(TST), Forced Swimming Test(FST). The level of plasma corticosterone was measured by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) method. The expressions of c-Fos, Corticotropin Releasing Factor(CRF), NADPH-d in the Paraventricular nucleus(PVN) and TH in the Locus coeruleus(LC) were measured by immunohistochemical method. Results : In the effect of BR + PH on TST, immobility was significantly decreased comparing with the LPS group. In FST, immobility was shown decrease tendency in the BR+PH group. The expression of c-Fos in the PVN was significantly decreased at BR + PH400 group, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of CRF in PVN was shown dto have the decrease tendency in the BR+PH group, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of NADPH-d in PVN was not significantly decreased at BR+PH groups, comparing with the LPS group. The expression of TH in the LC was shown to have the decrease tendency at BR + RH groups, but not significantly, comparing with the LPS group. Conclusions : Anti-depressant effect of mixture after extracted from Bupleuri Radix and Physalidis Herba was through the anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of HPA axis. NO and catecholamine system is not involved.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 2016

This study was performed to investigate the effects of the stocking density (standard stocking density (SSD, $495cm^2/bird$)) vs. high stocking density (HSD,245cm2/bird) and challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5mg/kg BW) on the stress-related physiological indicators in chicks. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight, but not in the weight of immune organs, between the SSD and HSD groups. The LPS group resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the weights of the thymus and bursa of fabricius compared with the SSD group. Plasma biochemical components, including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen, Ca, P, creatine kinase and uric acid, markedly (p<0.05) increased in the LPS birds, although no difference in these parameters was observed between the SSD and HSD birds. Furthermore, the birds challenged with LPS showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the plasma corticosterone level, although this hormone did not differ between the SSD and HSD groups. In the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, hepatic $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and iNOS in the LPS group significantly (p<0.05) increased compared with those in the SSD group. Thymic mRNA expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and IL-18 in the LPS group also significantly (p<0.05) increased compared with those in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ in the bursa of fabricius of the LPS group increased (p<0.05) without affecting the other cytokines. Under high stocking density, thymic $IL-1{\beta}$ was the only cytokine that was up-regulated compared with the SSD group. In conclusion, an acute stress induced by LPS challenge profoundly affected immune organ weight, blood biochemical profiles and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, while chronic stress did not markedly affect biochemical and immunological parameters, suggesting that chicks under high stocking density could be adapted to prolonged stressors.