• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2014

This study investigated the influence of different durations of aerobic exercise on fuel utilization, lactate levels and antioxidative status in trained rats. Forty rats underwent physical training (T, n = 20) or non- training (NT, n = 20) for 6 weeks. For physical training, animals exercised on a treadmill for 30 min 5 days per week. At the end of week 6, the animals in each group were subdivided into BE, DE-0.5, DE-1 and DE-2, which were sacrificed at the end of week 6 without having performed exercise or after exercise on a treadmill for 0.5h, 1h and 2h, respectively, immediately before being sacrificed. The plasma glucose level in DE-2 of the NT group was significantly lower than in the other groups. Muscle and liver glycogen levels were significantly lower in DE-1 and DE-2, but there were no significant differences between DE-1 and DE-2 in the T group. Liver protein in DE-2 of the NT group was significantly lower. Muscle TG levels were decreased in DE-0.5 of the T group, while those of the NT group were decreased in DE-1. FFA levels were increased in DE-0.5 of the T group and in DE-1 of the NT group. Lactate levels were increased in DE-0.5 of the NT group, while they were increased in DE-1 of the T group. Catalase activity of the T group was lower in BE but higher in DE-0.5, DE-1 and DE-2. SOD activities were higher in trained rats, while the GSH/GSSG ratios were higher in BE, DE-0.5 and DE-1 in the T group, and there was no difference in that of DE-2. There were no differences in MDA levels in BE and DE-0.5, but they were significantly lower in DE-1 and DE-2 of the T group. Overall, the results of this study, suggest that training may improve exercise performance by facilitating the mobilization and oxidation of fat and conserving limited carbohydrate storage, and that it may delay the onset of fatigue and enhance the antioxidative defense system, but cannot support two hours of vigorous exercise.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.1014-1019
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• 2004

Effects of kimchi lactic acid powder (KL) on weight reduction and lipid-lowering activities were studied using rats fed high fat diet. Spraque Dawley (40 rats) were fed 20% (w/w) high fat diet far 8 weeks to induce obesity and divided equally into normal diet (ND), high fat diet (HFD), and 10 and 20% KL-added groups. Body weight of HFD was 150% (p<0.01) of ND, while those of HFK10 and HFK20 decreased by 13 and 15% compared to HFD, respectively (p<0.01). Amounts of visceral fats for HFK10 and HFK20 were decreased by 42 and 48% compared to that of HFD (198% of ND), respectively (p<0.01). B had greater effect on reducing visceral fats than body weight. Plasma triglyceride (155%), cholesterol (129%), and LDL (161%) concentrations of HFD, which had been significantly increased compared to ND, dropped by 26, 9, and 8% (p<0.01) in HFK10, and 35, 17, and 33% (p<0.05) in HFK20, respectively. Decreased HDL by high fat diet was re-increased by KL supplementation. KL showed lipid-lowering and liver-protecting effects in liver possibly by interrupting lipid absorption in the intestine either by absorbing lipids in their cell walls or degrading them rapidly. Increased excretion of TG and cholesterol in feces of HFK10 and HFK20 indicates KL might have similar role to dietary fiber.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investgate combined effects of L-carnitine supplementation and exercise on body composition, serum lipids and adiponectin in obese high school female students. Eighteen female students with 35% fat in body weight participated in the study. Students were randomly divided into the following three groups; exercise and L-carnitine supplementation group (ELG: n=5), exercise group (EG: n=6) and control group (CG: n=7), each with seven students. They underwent 10 weeks of exercise (50 min/day, 5 times/wk, 10 wk, RPE 11~16). ELG was given L-carnitine (1 g/day), EG and CG were given placebos. Before and after this period, body composition, serum lipids and adiponectin in plasma were measured. The results of the study in the three groups were as follows: Fat mass and %BF were significantly decreased in ELG. On the other hand, free fat mass was significantly increased in ELG, however, other groups showed no changes. Total cholesterol was significantly increased in the control group. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were not different in the three groups. Triglyceride was significantly decreased in ELG. Adiponectin was significantly increased in ELG. This study demonstrated that exercise and carnitine supplementation have a positive effect on fat mass, %BF, free fat mass and adiponetin. Thus, we can improve proper dietary and training programs for obese students.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1357-1368
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-inflammation effect of the cheonggukjang (a soybean paste fermented for only a few days) in diet induced obesity mice. Weight gain was significantly decreased in the mice fed cheonggukjang compared High Fat Diets (HFD). The HFD plus cheonggukjang (CGJ) were also effective in improving the lipid metabolism. The levels of plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, ALT, AST, leptin, glucose, and insulin were significantly lower in CGJ than HFD group (p<0.05). The adiponectin level of CGJ group was significantly increased compared to the HFD group (p<0.05). In the CGJ group, the mRNA expression of adipogenic genes in the liver and adipose tissues, which are transcription factors crucial for adipogenesis, were significantly suppressed (p<0.05). The number of $CD11b^+F4/80^+$ T cells, $Gr-1^{int}CD11b^{high}$ cells, and $Gr-1^{int}CD11b^{high}$ cells were significantly higher in HFD group than CGJ group (p<0.05). The size of adipocyte was significantly reduced in CGJ group compared to HFD group. In addition, the contents of liver lipid droplets were significantly downregulated in the CGJ mice than HFD mice (p<0.05). Collectively, these data suggest the novel function of cheonggukjang in modulating adipogenesis through an immune function-alteration involving downregulation of adipogenic transcription factors and macrophage activation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.107-113
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• 2014

The present study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic effect of Coconopsis lanceolata extract in C57BL/6J mice. The mice were divided into four groups: normal diet group (ND), high fat diet group (HFD), positive control group with 0.05% metformin (PC), Coconopsis lanceolata extract group (UCL). After 5 weeks of feeding, average body weight of the UCL group mice was slightly decreased, while that of the HFD group significantly increased) Also, liver and adipose tissue weights in the UCL group significantly increased. The levels of trigliceride (TG) and total in the plasma of UCL-supplemented group were significantly lower than those of high fat diet group. On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol level was increased. Expression level of proteins related with adipogenesis such as SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS in the liver of the UCL group mice was much lower comparing with the HFD group mice. In conclusion, the results showed that the Coconopsis lanceolata extract possesses significant antihyperlipidemic effects in C57BL/6J mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.814-820
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• 2005

This study was designed to determine the effect of chitosan on in vivo lipid metabolism in male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with ethanol. Rats were divided into four groups and reared for 6 weeks: E group ($35\%$ of total calories from ethanol), EC I group ($ethanol+0.5\%$ of chitosan), EC II group ($ethanol +1\%$ of chitosan) and control group (dextrin as much as ethanol treated). The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), GOT and GPT in plasma, and triglyceride (TG) in liver were remarkably increased in the rats treated with ethanol. However, the treatment of $1\%$ chitosan significantly lowered those parameter levels. In particular the values of r-HDL (the ratio of HDL-C to TC) in the rats fed in combination with ethanol and chitosan were relatively higher than that of the E group. The increased lipid droplets were observed in the hepatocytes of the rats treated with ethanol, but chitosan treatment reduced in the number and the size of the lipid droplets. These results suggest that chitosan improve in vivo lipid metabolism and Potentially protect hepatotoxicity of the rat liver treated with ethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1194-1199
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• 2006

Effects of Korean traditional soybean fermented foods on weight reduction and lipid lowering activities were studied using Spraque-Dawley (SD) rats fed a high fat diet. The rats were raised for four weeks after adaptation period on either a normal diet (ND, based on the AIN-93 diet), high fat diet (HFD, supplemented with 12% lard oil in the ND), or diets containing 10% of freeze dried Doenjang, Chungkukjang, Kochujang, or Samjang to HFD. The final weight, food efficiency ratio (FER) and the weight of adipose tissue were decreased significantly by the consumption of Doenjang and Samjang, compared to HFD (p<0.05). The contents of cholesterol and triglyceride increased by HFD were reduced by the fermented foods in liver and perirenal fat tissues of the rats, especially Doenjang and Samjang diets showed high lipid lowering activity. And TG and cholesterol contents in the plasma serum were simillar trend to liver and perirenal fat tissue. These results suggested that Korean traditional soybean fermented foods, especially Doenjang showed the highest weight reduction and lipid lowering activities of the rats fed high fat diet.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2019

Women who undergo natural menopause transition have increased numbers of risk factors relating to metabolic syndrome due to estrogen deficiency. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Superhongmi bran extract on metabolic syndrome improvement in menopausal women. Thirty women, who participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, were assigned to placebo-control (n=15) or Superhongmi bran extract (n=15) groups and were asked to consume two tablets (350 mg per extract per tablet) per day. After 12 weeks, weight, body mass index (BMI), plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, and total cholesterol (TC) levels were significantly decreased, whereas HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), adiponectin, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and GSH (glutathione) concentrations were significantly increased in the Superhongmi bran extract group. Moreover, $17{\beta}-estradiol$, and progesterone levels in the Superhongmi group were significantly higher than those in the placebo-control group. These results suggest that Superhongmi bran extract alleviates metabolic symptom in menopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2021

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio and pulse pressure in Korean adults with hypertension. Data from 1,515 adults from the sixth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3, 2015) were analyzed. There were several key findings in the present study. First, aspartate aminotransferase (odds ratio [OR], 1.018; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.002 to 1.033), alanine aminotransferase (OR, 0.982; 95% CI, 0.969 to 0.996), and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio (OR, 1.367; 95% CI, 1.027 to 1.819) were the independent factors determining high pulse pressure. Second, after adjusting for related variables [age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC)], the ORs of high pulse pressure with the 1st quartile as a reference were significantly higher in the 4th quartile of aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio [1.632 (95% CI, 1.113~2.393)]. The high pulse pressure was positively associated with aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio in Korean adults with hypertension, but was inversely associated with alanine aminotransferase.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of unripened cheese supplements on lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in hypercholesterolemic SD rats. Rats were induced to have hypercholesterolemia by feeding them high cholesterol diet (0.5% cholesterol and 0.2% sodium cholate) for 4 weeks and then divided into 2 groups. One group was fed a high cholesterol diet with 5% unripened cheese (URC) daily for 6 weeks, and the other one was fed a high cholesterol diet without 5% unripened cheese (URC) daily for 6 weeks. Significantly-increased plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and AST activity because of the high-cholesterol diet were reduced 18.8%, 40.5%, and 33%, respectively, by URC supplementation. Also, URC lowered hepatic total lipids, TCs, and TGs, whereas fecal lipid profiles were not changed by URC. The supplementation of URC resulted in an increase of plasma retinol and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol by 40.5% and 39.2% and leukoytic DNA resistance to oxidative stress by 52.3% compared to hypercholesterolemic control. These results suggest that unripened cheese supplements could exert significant health benefits to those with hypercholesterolemia through ameliorating lipid profiles and antioxidant effects.