• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.185-197
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• 2007

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Hwangryunhaedok-Tang and Geongangbuja-Tang on the change of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) level induced by LPS I.C.V. injection in mice. Method : We devided group into 6 mice and 6 mice were assingned to each group. In the normal group only saline was administered intragastrically, and in the control group LPS was injected intracerebroventricularly 1 hr after intragastric administration of saline. In the experiment groups Hwangryunhaedok-Tang(0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection.. Also Geongangbuja-Tang (0.5g/kg, 1.0g/kg, 3.0g/kg) was administered intragastrically to mice 1 hr prior to LPS(100mg/mouse) I.C.V. injection. To measure the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level of mice, their blood samples were collected from retro-orbital plexus, immediately centrifuged at $4^{\circ}C$, and plasma was removed and stored frozen at $-83^{\circ}C$ for later determination of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. The level of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the plasma. Result : Regarding IL-6 level, The 0.5g/kg and the 1g/kg groups of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased IL-6 level. Especially the 3g/kg control group decreased IL-6 level significantly than the normal group(p<0.01). Regarding $TNF-{\alpha}$ level, the 3g/kg group of Geongangbuja-Tang decreased it significantly(p<0.05). Conclusion : These data revealed that Hwangryunhaedok-Tang might not have the anti imflammatory effect and Geongangbuja-Tang(3g/kg)might have the anti imflammatory effect by reducing the plasma IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ level in mice LPS Injection.EIM (Eighteen Incompatible Medicaments) is an important component in Oriental pharmacology and is directly related to clinical prescriptions. Medical practitioners argued that the definite cause and meaning of EIM was ambiguous and therefore debated the issue of clinical application of the EIM. This study conducted an in-depth literary research on the origin, meaning and contents of EIM with the purpose to contribute in its efforts to be used clinically. Even after thousands of years have past since establishment of Oriental medicine, EIM is still tabooed and was an obstacle that hindered ideologies. Modern herbal medicine texts claim that the use of EIM can reduce treatment effects and promote poisoning and side effects. However, since long ago, there has been medical practitioners who reject this as false. Recently, poisoning caused by EIM has been claimed to be from the toxicity of the drug itself, rather than the result of interaction between the drugs, and therefore they suggest that EIM is not a forbidden domain. In addition, EIM showed a difference in number depending on the era. However, this can be understood not as a definite number, but instead as a warning to be careful during combination of drugs for use as clinical medicine. Historically, there were very few cases in which EIM was used for clinical tests and thus, the clinical value is not, while others applied EIM directly to their bodies, which showed signs for the usefulness and potential of EIM for us. A more concrete and in-depth study must be made on EIM.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2009

Objectives : To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory rat model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups; normal control (n=8), LPS control (n=8), LPS+Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at CV4 (CV4, n=8), LPS+Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at ST36 (ST36, n=8), and LPS+Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at CV12 (CV12, n=8). Pharmacopuncture was given every two days for 4 weeks followed by inflammation induction by peritoneal LPS injection (5mg/kg). Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin-10 (IL-10), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) from blood and liver tissue were compared before and 5 hrs after inflammation induction. Results : In CV4 and CV12 groups, plasma IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ levels increased by LPS injection, significantly decreased 5 hrs after injection (p<0.05). For CV12 group, plasma IL-10 concentration significantly increased (p<0.05). Liver IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 levles significantly decreased in CV4 and CV12 groups (P<0.05), while normal and LPS control groups were not significantly different in TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-10 levels. Plasma TBARS concentration was significantly decreased in CV12 group, while there was no significant difference among LPS control and pharmacopuncture groups for liver TBARS concentration. Conclusions : Based on the present findings, Prunella vulgaris pharmacopuncture at CV12 may have a potentially preventive anti-inflammatory effect in an LPS-induced inflammatory rat model.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.452-461
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• 1994

연구배경: ARDS발생 기전에 있어 TNF-$\alpha$나 IL-$1{\beta}$의 역할은 이들이 폐혈관 내피세포에 작용하여 모세혈관의 투과성을 증가시키는 것으로 추정되나 ARDS환자 발생 예측 지표로서의 TNF-$\alpha$ 및 IL-$1{\beta}$의 임상적 유용성에 대한 지금까지의 연구결과는 부정적이다. 이는 기존연구들이 다양한 질환들을 대상으로 함으로써 ARDS 발생기전의 다양성이 ARDS환자 발생 예측지표로서의 TNF-$\alpha$의 유용성을 부정적으로 나타나게하였을 가능성을 배제할 수 없다. 이에 저자들은 ARDS 발생이 내독소와 cytokines등에 의한 작용인 것으로 알려지고 있는 패혈증 증후군 환자들을 대상으로 TNF-$\alpha$와 IL-$1{\beta}$의 ARDS 발생의 예측 표지자로서 임상적 효용성을 검토하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 패혈증 증후군환자들을 대상으로 ARDS발생군(이하 ARDS군, 16명)과 호흡부전 상태에서 ARDS로는 진행하지않은 급성호흡 부전군(Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure group, 이하 AHRF군, 20명)으로 분류하여 등록시, 24시간 및 72시간후에 채혈하여 ARDS군은 ARDS 발생시에, AHRF군은 동맥혈 산소분압에 대한 폐포 산소분압의 비가 가장 낮은 시점의 TNF-$\alpha$와 IL-$1{\beta}$의 농도를 비교하였다. 또한 ARDS 및 AHRF군에서 쇽 발생군과 비발생군으로 분류하고 쇽 발생시에 측정된 TNF-$\alpha$와 IL-$1{\beta}$를 비발생군의 TNF-$\alpha$ 및 IL-$1{\beta}$의 값과 비교하였다. 대조군은 건강 대조군으로서 1회만 채혈하였다. 결과: 1) 혈중 TNF-$\alpha$의 농도: 본 연구에 사용한 Predicta kit의 TNF-$\alpha$ 농도 측정의 민감도는 평균${\pm}2$표준편차의 하한값이 10pg/mL이며, 특이도는 100%로, ARDS군 16명중 8명이, AHRF군 20명중 12명이 10pg/mL 이상으로 측정되어 두 군사이에서 혈중 TNF-$\alpha$가 10pg/mL 이상 발현된 비율의 차이는 없었다. ARDS 및 AHRF군의 혈중 TNF-$\alpha$의 중앙값 농도는 각각 10.26pg/mL(<10-16.99pg/mL, 사분위수범위, interquartile range), 10.82pg/mL(<10-20.38pg/mL)로서 두 군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었으며 (Fig. 1), ARDS 발생 전후의 혈중 TNF-$\alpha$의 농도도 중앙값이 10pg/mL미만(<10-15.32)pg/mL 및 10pg/mL미만(<10-10.22)pg/mL로서 유의한 차이가 없었고 6명중 2명만이 ARDS 발생 전에 비하여 TNF-$\alpha$의 값이 증가되었다. ARDS 및 AHRF군에서 패혈성 쇽이 발생한 환자들(26명)의 TNF-$\alpha$의 농도는 12.53(<10-20.82)pg/mL로서 비발생군(10명) <10pg/mL에 비해 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.01)(Fig. 2), 전체 생존군(<10, <10-12.92pg/mL)과 사망군(11.80, <10-20.8pg/mL)사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다(P=0.28). 2) 혈중 IL-$1{\beta}$의 농도: 본 연구에 사용한 Quantikine kit의 최저 측정치는 0.3ng/mL로서 건강 대조군 10명중 1명을 제외한 모두에서 IL-$1{\beta}$측정치가 0.3pg/mL이하였다. ARDS 및 AHRF군의 검체 중 0.3ng/mL 이하로 측정된 경우는 ARDS, AHRF군에서 각각 1예가 있었다 ARDS 및 AHRF군의 혈중 IL-$1{\beta}$의 농도는 각각 2.22(1.37-8.01)ng/mL, 2.13(0.83-5.29)ng/mL으로서 두 군사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었으며(Fig. 3), ARDS 발생전(2.53, 0.3-8.38ng/mL)과 발생후(5.35, 0.66-11.51ng/mL)에서도 차이가 없었다. 패혈성 쇽 발생군(2.51, 1.28-8.34ng/mL)과 비발생군(1.46, 0.15-2.13ng/mL)사이에서는 통계적인 유의한 차이는 없었으나 비발생군에서 낮은 경향을 보였다(각각 P=0.44, P=0.054)(Fig. 4). 생존군과 사망군의 비교에 있어서는 각각 1.37(0.4-2.36), 2.84(1.46-8.34)ng/mL로서 생존군에서 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). 결론: 혈중내 TNF-$\alpha$의 농도는 패혈증증후군 환자들에서 패혈성 쇽의 발생과는 연관성이 있으나 혈중내 TNF-$\alpha$ 및 IL-$1{\beta}$의 농도 측정이 ARDS 발생의 예측 지표로서는 임상적 효용성이 적은 것으로 사료 되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1800-1806
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• 2008

Cytokines play a central role in the mucosal immune response and are involved in regulation of nutrient absorption, metabolism and animal growth. This study investigated the effect of diet manipulation with specialized protein or peptide sources on expression of cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-${\alpha}$) mRNA abundance in different intestinal regions and at different ages post-weaning in piglets. A total of 48 (17 days of age, $6.16{\pm}0.34kg\;BW$) weanling pigs were fed either a corn-soy/whey protein basal diet, the basal diet supplemented with spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), or the basal diet supplemented with $Peptiva^{(R)}$, a hydrolyzed marine plant protein. A fourth treatment group was fed the SDPP diet, but the feed intake level was limited (SDPP-LF). Pigs were killed at 3 and 10 d, and intestinal cytokine mRNA was measured by real-time PCR using the relative quantification method. The SDPP-LF group exhibited an increased TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance compared with the ad libitum SDPP group (p<0.05). The TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 mRNA abundance increased from the proximal to distal part of the intestine, and the mRNA abundance was greater (p<0.01) in the distal intestine as compared with the proximal and middle intestine. The cytokines IL-1-${\beta}$, IL-10 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance also increased from d3 to d10 postweaning (p<0.01). In summary, restricted feeding increased the TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance in the small intestine, however neither SDPP nor peptide supplementation affected cytokine mRNA expression. Abundance of mRNA for most cytokines examined in this study increased with age post-weaning, suggesting that during 10 d after weaning the mucosal immune system is still under development.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.604-612
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• 2011

씀바귀추출물이 LPS shock 염증반응에서 항염증효과에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위하여 생체 및 세포배양실험에서 전염증성 cytokine들의 생성과 혈액 내 생물학적 수치를 조사했다. 그 결과 LPS 염증유도 rat에서 씀바귀 추출물은 혈액 내 전염증성 cytokines 들, 즉 IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 및 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산을 저해하고, 한편으로는 IL-10의 생산을 촉진하였다. 간장 IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IL-6의 농도는 씀바귀추출물 처리군이 대조군보다 유의하게 낮은 값을 나타내었으나, TNF-${\alpha}$ 및 IL-10의 농도는 모든 처리군 간에 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. Raw 264.7 cell의 세포배양실험에서는 TNF-${\alpha}$의 농도가 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았지만, 3개 cytokine 모두가 씀바귀 투여량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보였다. IL-10의 농도는 씀바귀 처리군 들 모두가 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 혈액 내 total protein 및 albumin의 농도는 대조군과 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았으나, 씀바귀추출물 처리 군에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과들을 종합해 보면 씀바귀 추출물에는 항염증반응에 관여하는 기능성물질이 내재하고 있음을 시사해 준다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2010

The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of Jakyakgamcho-tang in lipopolysaccharide-exposed rats. The plasma concentration of IL-$1\beta$, IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ peaked at 5hrs after LPS injection, and these values of the 300 mg/kg Jakyakgamcho-tang group were lower than those of the control group. The plasma concentration of IL-10 peaked at 5hrs after LPS injection and the values of the Jakyakgamcho-tang groups were higher than those of the control group. In the liver cytokines measurement was done at 5hrs after LPS injection. The concentrations of liver IL-$1\beta$ and IL-6 in the 300 mg/kg Jakyakgamcho-tang were lower than that of the control group. The concentrations of liver TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-10 showed no significant differences among all the treatment groups. These results indicate that the Jakyakgamcho-tang has anti-inflammatory activities.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.94-106
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• 2019

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Gwakhyangjeonggi-san(GJS) on atopic dermatitis(AD) induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) in mice. Methods : The mice(Balb/c mice) were divided into three groups; normal Balb/c mice with oil treatment(Sham group), DNCB-induced AD mice(AD group), and GJS treated AD mice(GJS group). GJS group were orally administered GJS daily for 2 weeks. We observed changes of clinical skin severity score, the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin(TSLP), interleukin(IL)-4 and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ in skin and mast cell infiltration. Also, serum immunoglobulinE(IgE), IL-4, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 were evaluated. Results : The clinical skin severity score of GJS group was decreased compared to AD group. In hematoxylin and eosin staining results, GJS group showed a significant reduction of epithelial skin thickness. In addition, expression of TSLP and mast cell infiltration in skin were also reduced by GJS treatment compared to those of AD group. Thus, we evaluated expression of IL-4, Th2-dependent cytokine, and $TNF-{\alpha}$, pro-inflammatory cytokine in skin. GJS significantly reduced both IL-4 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ compared to AD mice. Moreover, levels of IgE, IL-4, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 in plasma also significantly decreased by oral GJS treatment. Conclusion : The present study suggests that GJS can significantly reduced symptoms of AD, therefore it can be a promising candidate for anti-atopic dermatitis treatment.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2011

Objectives : The present study investigated inflammatory effect of Rheum undulatum L. in lipopolysaccharide-exposed rats and Raw 264.7 cells. Methods : Male rats weighting $185.39{\pm}8.21g$ fed basal diet for 1 week and 32 rats were divided into a control group and 3 experimental groups. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline(100 mg/kg, 1time/1day) for 6 weeks. And we fed basal diet and administered an extract of Rheum undulatum L.(100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1time/1day) to each experimental group of rats. We measured the plasma concentration of $IL-1{\beta}$($interleukin-1{\beta}$), IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$(tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$), liver cytokines, Raw 264.7 macrophages cytokines. Results : The plasma concentration of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ peaked at 5h(hour) after LPS(lipopolysaccharides) injection, and the values of the Rheum undulatum L. extract groups were lower than those of the control group. In the increment of these cytokines concentration at 2h and 5h after LPS injection, the Rheum undulatum L. groups were lower than that of control group. The plasma concentration of IL-10 peaked at 5h after LPS injection, and the values of the Rheum undulatum L. extract groups were higher than those of the control group. In the increment of this cytokine concentration at 2h and 5h after LPS injection, the Rheum undulatum L. groups were higher than that of control group. Liver cytokines measurement was done at 5h after LPS injection. The concentration of liver $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in the Rheum undulatum L. groups was lower than that of the control group. The concentrations of liver $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-10 showed no significant differences among all the treatment groups. In the studies of lipopolysaccharide-exposed Raw 264.7 cells, the concentration of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells groups was higher than that of control group(normal group), and in the lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells groups, these values showed a tendency to decrease in the Rheum undulatum L. groups. The concentration of IL-10 in the lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells groups was higher than that of control group(normal group), and in the lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells groups, the values showed a tendency to increase in the Rheum undulatum L. groups. Conclusions : These results indicate that the Rheum undulatum L. extracts have an functional material for inflammatory activities.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.201-219
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• 2007

Objectives : We studied Effects of Hagocho(prunella vulgaris L.), Gamgook(chrysanthemum indicum L.) and Galgeun(pueraria Radix) aqua-acupuncture on the hyperlipidemic rat. methods : We investigated lowering lipid effect, oxidative capacity, concentration of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, Leptin and histological consideration in hyperlipidemic rat. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 400g were divided into 5 groups of control, Ⅰ: Hagocho (prunella vulgaris L.)+Gamgook (chrysanthemum indicum L.) and Gokji aqua-acupuncture, Ⅱ: Hagocho(prunella vulgaris L.)+Gamgook (chrysanthemum indicum L.) and Joksamri aqua-acupuncture, Ⅲ: Hagocho(prunella vulgaris L.)+Galgeun(pueraria Radix)and Gokji aqua-acupuncture and Ⅳ: Hagocho (prunella vulgaris L.)+Galgeun(pueraria Radix) and Joksamri aqua-acupuncture. Results : Contents of plasma ${\beta}$-lipoprotein, contents of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and leptin, Plasma triglyceride and glucose, plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, liver total cholesterol, liver triglyceride, plasma and liver TBARS, free fatty acids showed a tendency to decrease in the aqua-acupuncture groups compared to those of control group. The activities of GOT and GPT showed no significantly different in all treatment groups. Values of super oxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity showed a tendency to increase in the aqua-acupuncture groups. Histological consideration of heart, kidney and liver in the aqua-acupuncture groups showed slight vasodilation and fat accumulation compared to those of normal rat. Conclusions : These results indicated that prunella vulgaris L., chrysanthemum indicum L. and pueraria Radix aqua-acupuncture at gokji(LI11) and Joksamri(ST36) suppressed adipose tissue mass and lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant system in hyperlipidemic rat.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2009

Objectives : To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory rat model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; LPS control (n=6), LPS+Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at BL23 (n=6, BL23), LPS+Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at CV12 (n=6, CV12), and LPS+Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at GV4 (n=6, GV4). Pharmacopuncture was given every two days for 4 weeks followed by inflammation induction by intraperitoneal LPS injection (5mg/kg). Blood, liver tissue, and peritoneal lavage fluid were taken and proinflammatory cytokines and other related factors were analysed. Results : For proinflammatory cytokines, CV12 pharmacopuncture group was significantly different compared with the control group in plasma IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-10 5 h after LPS injection (P<0.05). For plasma IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6, CV12 pharmacopuncture group also showed significant difference at 2 h compared with the control (P<0.05). GV4 pharmacopuncture group was significantly different compared with the control at 5 h in plasma IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-$\alpha$ and at 2 h in IL-10 (P<0.05). Liver cytokines were analyzed at 5 h after LPS injection; only CV12 pharmacopuncture group showed significant difference in IL-$1{\beta}$ (P<0.05) and others including IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-10 had no difference compared with the control group. CD4/CD8 ratio and the phagocytic activities of polymorphonuclear neutrophils were not different from those of control group in all pharmacopuncture groups (P>0.05). Plasma NO3-/NO2- and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 of CV12 pharmacopuncture group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In the plasma concentration of prostaglandin E2, all 3 pharmacopuncture groups had significantly lower values than that of the control group (P<0.05), but there was no difference among pharmacopucnture groups. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and cytokine-induced neutorphil chemoattractant-1 in peritoneal lavage fluid was significantly decreased in CV12 pharmacopuncture group compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions : These results indicate that Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi pharmacopuncture at CV12 may have a potent anti-inflammatory effect in an LPS-induced inflammatory rat model.