• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.213-224
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• 2008

Since 1970's rapid urbanization and economic growth, the population was highly increased and residential type was changed from single detached house to high density and high-rise apartment. Recently more high-rise residential building generates more traffic volumes and it makes spatial concentration. The highly traffic volumed road and high residential building was constructed nearby, it occurs noise problem. The purpose of this study is comparing the performance of three type noise barrier between noise source and receiver using a noise map simulation. Three types were composed as road side planting trees, building side planting trees and noise barrier wall. Planting trees is less effective than noise barrier wall as a noise barrier. And they are all effective under 3 stories than over 5 stories, especially noise barrier function can't work over 5 stories.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.58-67
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• 1994

Object of this study is to suggest the plan for natural vegetation restoration and management by ecological approach. The concept of biotope planting technique was introduced in order to restore the natural vegetation in the northern part of Mt. Nam in Seoul, and Quercus mongolica forests was surveyed so as to obtain the basic data. This study focused on the vegetational context between northern part of Mt. Nam and develop-reserved site. The results are following ; 1. It is suitable to plant 25~30 trees in $100\m^2$ with trees of DBH 10cm and below at intervals of about 2m in canopy layer. In the case of subtree layer of DBH 2cm, about 30 trees were planted at an Intervals of 1.5~2m around in $100\m^2$. 2. In the last step of nature vegetation restoration, it is desiable that canopy density is $5/100\m^2$ and 녀btree one is 10~20/$100\m^2$. 3. Management plans was proposed to use the native species of Mt. Nam around and to investigate the ecological situation once a year such as species introduce, dead-tree, soil, fauna etc.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2015

본 시험은 성목기 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 재식밀도별 적정 착과수를 조사하고자 영양생장, 생산량, 과실품질 및 이듬해 개화율을 3년(재식 7-9년차) 동안 조사하였다. 시험재료는 $3.5{\times}1.5m$(190주/10a), $3.5{\times}1.2m$(238주/10a), $3.2{\times}1.2m$(260주/10a)로 심어 세장방추형을 목표수형으로 관리하고 있는 '후지'/M.9 사과나무이었다. 목표 착과수 범위는 주당 55-64과, 65-74과, 75-84과, 85-94과, 95-104과의 5수준이었다. TCA 증가, 총 신초장, 이듬해 개화율, 주당 생산량 및 수량 효율은 재식밀도가 낮을수록 증가하는 경향이 있었고, 과중과 가용성고형물 함량은 목표 착과수준이 낮을수록 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 착색은 신초생장이 감소할수록 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 해거리는 238주과 260주 재식구의 주당 과실수가 각각 85-94과, 75-84과 이상이 되면 발생하였다. 그러나 190주 재식구는 주당 95-104과 정도 되어도 해거리가 발생하지 않았다. 누적 생산량은 재식밀도 및 목표 착과수준이 높을수록 많아지는 경향이 있었으나, 해거리가 발생한 착과구들 간의 차이는 없었다. 결론적으로 190주로 재식된 '후지'/M.9 사과나무의 성목기 적정 결실량은 95-104개, 238주 재식구는 75-84개, 260주 재식구는 65-74개 범위가 적당할 것이라고 판단되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.337-346
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data of the growth characteristics of the landscape trees for better landscape planting design, construction and maintenance through the prediction of landscape change as time passes fly the analysis of survival rate, distribution patterns & increment percent of tree height, width, stem diameter (breast or surface) of widely used six tree species in Seongnam-si Eunhang-jugong apartment housing areas (8 years have passed after landsape alanting work). The main results can be summarized as followed. The tree survival rate of Pinus parviflora was the highest rate 89.2% than any other species, but Acer buergerianum showed the lowest survival rate at that of it 35.0%, & that of Picea abies 70.5 %, Metasequoia glyptostroboides 71.6%, Maknolia denudata 38.9%, Acer paimatum was 71.7%, As a whole, the tree survival rate of coniferous trees were relatively high. The tree height increment percent of the deciduous species wert relatively high. And that of Metasequoia glyptostroboides was the highest rate 11.61% than any other species, but that of Magnolia denudata was the lowest rate 5.59% than any other species. According to this results, the increment percent of trees in this apartment areas were comparatively lower than that of each related species planted in nursery area. And this results would be considered when landscape experts do landscape planting design, construction & maintenance. The distribution patterns of present tree size showed a Normal Distribution like any other biological features.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2016

Urban greenery is an important component of urban environment and is fast gaining prominence especially in the developing countries. The destruction of urban trees has resulted to the degradation of the environment, thus the introduction of green Kumasi project by Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly, Ashanti Region of Ghana. The composition and diversity of urban trees gives rise to adequate management and monitoring, thus an inventory of urban trees of the Metropolis was conducted to document complete information on its density, diversity, composition and distribution. A total tree population of 1,101 was enumerated in the principal roads of the Metropolis. The ten most encountered tree species accounted for 61.04% of all the individual tree populations with Mangifera indica being dominant. The dominant families: Fabaceae, Moraceae and Arecaceae constitute 38.57% of the tree population. Diversity of the tree species was very high. The minimum diversity criteria were met on analysis of the diversity of this population. The proportion of exotic species was high with 65.71% of the trees belonging to the introduced species. It is recommended that greater emphasis should be placed on the planting of indigenous trees in future tree planting exercise.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.89-104
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• 2011

This study was carried out to the development of ecological planting model to make up of coastal windbreak forest on the Suncheon-bay in Sucheon-si, Korea. Make up of coastal windbreak forest in this site was needed for appropriate bioresource, biodiversity and ecological structure, and for conservation of the eco-tour resource and protection of human life and property by the unforeseen disaster from the coast. Based on the plant-social principle, the planting model of windbreak forest was developed to facilitate growth of trees, considering planting locations. The ecological planting model for the coastal windbreak was composed of warm temperate evergreen and windbreak forest which is spreading around the inland area in Korea. The horizontal forest style was composed of forest edge community and inner forest community, and the vertical forest style was composed of upper, middle, low and ground planting class. The target of the present model was quasi-natural forest, and the species of tree were selected based on the adaptability to surroundings depending on a goal to create a forest and forest style. To achieve both functions of wind break forest and visual effect in short period of time, small trees and seedlings were planted with high-density of 40,000/ha in an expectation of easy natural maintenance in the future. The significance of the present study is a suggestion for a guideline to create ecological coastal windbreak forest in the Suncheon-bay in which the harmony of human life and the ecological conservation is of great importance. Also, the ecological coastal windbreak forest model should be developed further through the long term monitoring after construction of forest.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-32
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• 2017

Ozone concentration in Tokyo Metropolitan area is one of the most serious issues of the local air quality. Tropospheric ozone is formed by radical reaction including volatile organic compound (VOC) and nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$). Reduction of the emission of reactive VOC is a key to reducing ozone concentrations. VOC is emitted from anthropogenic sources and also from vegetation (biogenic VOC or BVOC). BVOC also forms ozone through $NO_x$ and radical reactions. Especially, in urban area, the BVOC is emitted into the atmosphere with high $NO_x$ concentration. Therefore, trees bordering streets and green spaces in urban area may contribute to tropospheric ozone. On the other hand, not all trees emit BVOC which will produce ozone locally. In this study, BVOC emissions have been investigated (terpenoids: isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes) for 29 tree species. Eleven in the 29 species were tree species that did not emit BVOCs. Three in 12 cultivars for future planting (25 %) were found to emit no terpenoid BVOCs. Eight in 17 commonly planted trees (47%) were found to emit no terpenoid BVOC. Lower-emitting species have many advantages for urban planting. Therefore, further investigation is required to find the species which do not emit terpenoid BVOC. Emission of reactive BVOC should be added into guideline for the urban planting to prevent the creation of sources of ozone. It is desirable that species with no reactive BVOC emission are planted along urban streets and green areas in urban areas, such as Tokyo.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2021

In this study, the characteristics of tree growth and soil environment were analyzed at 5 sites that had been planted on the back slope of dam for more than 15 years in Korea. First, as a result of investigating the growth of 15 trees planted on the back slope of the dam, the average height was 10.6m, diameter at roots was 27.3cm, and DBH was 22.9cm, showing good growth status of most of the trees. In particular, the growth levels of pine, hackberry, and oak were similar or better than those of general forests and artificial ground. As a result of excavating and investigating the roots of trees, horizontal roots grew well in the left and right directions of the back slope of the dam, and the growth of vertical roots was insufficient. Currently, the roots of trees do not directly affect dam safety, but they may continue to grow in the long term and interfere with dam management. Second, the physicochemical characteristics of the soil on the back slope of dam were generally above the intermediate level in terms of landscape design standards, and were similar to those of the domestic forest soil. Therefore, although it was judged to be suitable for plant growth, isolation of the site, soil acidification, and nutrient imbalance may affect tree growth and forest health in the long term. Through this study, it was possible to confirm the potential and applicability of planting area on the back slope of dam as an ecological base. Continuous monitoring is required for safety management and ecological value of dams in the future, and through this, it will be possible to secure the feasibility of planting trees on the slopes of new or existing dams and improving management.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.18-43
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• 2011

우리나라 최초의 농업과학기술 종합교본으로 평가되고 있는 홍만선(洪萬選 : 1643~1715년)의 편저, '산림경제'를 대상으로 추적한 조경 식물 관련 재배(종수(種樹))와 가꾸기(양화(養花))에 대한 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, '산림'은 벼슬하지 않고 초야에 묻혀 즐기는 것이고, '산림경제'는 의향에 따라 꽃과 나무를 심고 새와 물고기를 기르는 것인데, 10년 계획으로 알맞은 나무를 심으면 봄에는 꽃을 볼 수 있고 여름에는 그늘을 즐길 수 있으며, 가을에는 열매를 먹을 수 있고 자산을 늘리는 방법임을 역설하고 있다. 특히, 꽃과 나무를 가꾸고 재배하기 위해서는 생태적인 특성을 잘 이해해야 한다는 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 둘째, 조선시대에 등장하는 식물의 출현 종은 초기에 비해 중기 이후 증가하는 경향이 뚜렷한데, '산림경제'에서 그 증가 경향을 추적할 수 있으며, 여기에 기술된 52종의 성상은 교목 31종, 관목 8종, 기타 3종, 초본 10종으로 분석되어 교목의 비중이 높게 나타나고 28종에 이르는 유실수 등 이용후생의 경향이 표출된다. 셋째, 식목 길일은 음력으로 정월이 가장 좋고(상시(上時)) 2월이 차선이며 3월이 가장 나쁜 시기(하시(下時))임을 제시하였다. 한편, 이식에는 숙토를 많이 붙여 분 뜨기 하고, 남쪽 가지를 원래 방향에 맞춰 심으며, 묻혔던 높이만큼 복토하여 버팀목을 세워야 함을 설명하였다. 또한, 1치 정도 깊이로 씨를 심으면 새순이 잘 나고, 꺾꽂이는 3월 상순에 손가락 굵기 만한 것을 골라 5치 길이로 심는 것이 좋다 하였다. 접붙이기는 싹이 틀 때가 좋고, 과일나무를 접붙일 때 남쪽으로 뻗은 가지를 쓰면 열매가 많이 달리며, 정월에 곁가지들을 전정하면 힘이 갈리지 않고 열매가 탐스러우며 굵어진다 하였다. 특히, 식재 적기를 음력 정월로 기술하고 있는 점을 감안할 때 오늘날 식재 적기 판단에 중요한 시사점을 준다 하겠다. 넷째, 꽃나무 가꾸기와 관련하여 분재는 정월이나 2월 거름흙을 주고 옮겨 심거나 씨를 뿌리는데, 꽃망울이 맺히면 거름 물을 주어 3~4월에 분을 올리는 것을 권장하였다. 말똥을 물에 섞어 꽃나무에 주면 일찍 꽃이 피고, 붉은 꽃을 희게 하려면 유황 연기를 이용하며, 화분은 반음지에 벽돌로 괴어 주는 것이 좋고, 석류 치자 동백 사계화 등은 꽃이 진 뒤 흙에 묻어주는 것이 좋다하였다. 꽃나무는 담 밑에 심으면 가지가 집 쪽으로 기울어지므로 자주 돌려놓아야 하고, 햇볕이 잘 드는 움 속에 씨앗을 갈무리하는데 출입구 겸 환기구를 남쪽으로 내서 화분 관리에 편하도록 해야 한다 하였다. 다섯째, 정월 초하룻날 닭이 울 때 횃불로 과수나무를 그을리면 잠복중인 벌레를 살충할 수 있고, 청명일 새벽에 볏짚을 매달아두면 모충(毛蟲)이 잠복소에 유인되며, 과수에 발생한 벌레는 유황가루로 구멍을 막아 질식시키거나 유황불로 훈연하는 방제법을 제시하고 있다. 한편, 토양조건과 관련하여 비옥토의 중요성을 언급하면서 건강한 식물을 키울 수 있고 병충해를 예방할 수 있는 최선의 방법임을 제시하고 있다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.338-349
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• 2022

다양한 수종의 묘목을 고밀도로 심는 모듈군락식재가 기존의 성목식재보다 자연림 복원 효과성이 뛰어난지 알고자 야외 실험을 했다. 또 모듈군락식재의 식재밀도 차이에 따라 생장이 촉진되는지, 또 식피율이 높아지는지를 알아보았다. 큰나무를 넓게 띄어 심는 성목식재구(대조구)와 다종의 묘목을 고밀도로 심는 모듈군락식재구(처리구)로 구분했고, 다시 식재밀도에 따른 3주/m²와 1주/m² 모듈군락식재구로 나눠 실험을 설계했다. 2019년 5월부터 26개월간 공시재료의 생존율, 생장량(수고, 수관폭, 근원직경), 식피율을 측정했고, 측정 수고값을 활용하여 장래 수고생장을 예측했다. 모듈군락식재구의 생존율과 상대생장량이 성목식재구보다 높았다. 모듈군락식재구의 식피율은 23개월 이전에 지표면을 완전히 덮었지만, 성목식재구는 이식스트레스로 인해 오히려 식피율이 낮아졌다. 고밀도로 심은 모듈군락식재구의 묘목이 자라서 식재 후 5~6.5년 만에 성목식재구보다 더 높이 자랄 것으로 예측됐다. 이런 결과를 이끈 원인은 다종(多種)·묘목·고밀도 식재와 토양개량·멀칭 등의 식재기반 개선 때문이라 본다. 즉, 모듈군락식재구에 심은 묘목은 큰나무를 심은 성목식재구보다 식재 후 환경 적응력이 뛰어나 생존율이 높고, 초기 생장량이 많았을 것이다. 다양한 자생수종의 고밀도 혼식은 상호보완적 환경압을 완화하는 동시에 개체간 경쟁을 유발해 생장 촉진을 이끌었다. 더불어, 식재기반 개선은 묘목의 활착율 상승과 생장량 증가에 유효했다고 본다. 식재밀도가 높을수록 식피율이 급격히 늘어나, 제초 등의 사후관리비 절감 효과가 있을 것이다. 모듈군락식재구(3주/m², 1주/m²)의 식재밀도가 높았을 때 수고생장이 촉진되었고, 수관폭·근원직경은 식재밀도가 낮았을 때 높아지는 경향을 보였지만, 통계적 차이가 없었다.