• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1-15
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to figure out the structural characteristics of urban plant community and suggest restoration model of Quercus mongolica in the case of Korean national Capital Region. The investigation areas were selected from urban area of Mt. Nam at Chung-Gu, suburban areas of Mt. Bong at Eunpyoung-GU, Mt. Sungju at Buchon City and non-urban areas of Mt. Suri at Kunpu City and Mt. Chonma t namyangju-City. After the main study field had been classified into the evaluation of the ecological characteristics and the modeling of the vegetation. We analyzed to evaluate the ecological characteristics of the forest structure -- successional stage, naturalness, multi-layer structure of the forest and species diversity, and the plant community structures. We have proposed vegetation restoration model based on the selection of proper plants, the number of individuals, diameter short area of breast height, the shortest distance between plants in non-urban area. As for successional stage, It was judged that the ecological succession may not be followed like the present stage of the surveyed areas in urban, suburban and non-ruban areas. As for the retention of naturalness and multi-layer structures of vegetation, In Quercus mongolica community, Robinia pseudo-acacia and Ailanthus altissima occurred in each layers at Mt. Nam, Mt. Bong and Mt. Sungju, and Eupatorium rugosum occurred in herbaceous layer at Mt. Nam. Consequently, the ecological restoration plan following the structure of the vegetation in Mt. Chonma seemed to be advisable in Q. mongolica community, there were less number of species and individuals in urban areas than those of non-urban areas. Planting of trees following the simulated native plant community of non-urban areas seemed to be required to promote the plants in urban areas. Considering the number of individuals up to three layers in each 400$m^2$ area, it was composed of twenty nine in canopy layer, forth nine in understory layer, 367 in shrub layer and 33.7% herbaceous ground cover in the Q.mongolica community. The suggested restoration model in this study is nan applicable model for the introduction in the cities, and this study shows that continuous experiments and field investigation on this model should be performed in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2002

In case of power demand forecasting, the most important problems are to deal with the load of special-days. Accordingly, this paper presents the method that forecasting long (the Lunar New Year, the Full Moon Festival) and short(the Planting Trees Day, the Memorial Day, etc) special-days peak load using neural networks and regression models. long and short special-days peak load forecast by neural networks models uses pattern conversion ratio and four-order orthogonal polynomials regression models. There are using that special-days peak load data during ten years(1985∼1994). In the result of special-days peak load forecasting, forecasting % error shows good results as about 1 ∼2[%] both neural networks models and four-order orthogonal polynomials regression models. Besides, from the result of analysis of adjusted coefficient of determination and F-test, the significance of the are convinced four-order orthogonal polynomials regression models. When the neural networks models are compared with the four-order orthogonal polynomials regression models at a view of the results of special-days peak load forecasting, the neural networks models which uses pattern conversion ratio are more effective on forecasting long special-days peak load. On the other hand, in case of forecasting short special-days peak load, both are valid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.21-33
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to find out that it can be provided as a basic data to increase the satisfaction with users in the placement and creation of the Green Buffer Zone. In this study, the research was started on the Green Buffer Zone in Gwanggyo new town, which was rebuilt as the zone to use according to the change of legal installation standard of the zone. The subject of this study is the Green Buffer Zone in Gwanggyo new town, which is expected to be completed in step 4 of 2016. As a result of analysing the location and use characteristics of the Green Buffer Zone, the following conclusions were made. First of all, it is categorized into two categories by Buffering / disaster prevention type and land to use adjustment type. Second, the buffer space of commercial space and housing is satisfying, but in commercial space, there is a need for a cushioning function and housing spaces require improvements in the functioning of the landscape. Third, the function of the Green Buffer Zone resets to cushioning function, disaster prevention function, landscape function, utilization function. and The installation criteria are proposed to environmental pollution, noise abatement, and planting trees, etc. Lastly, the future utilization plan considering the location and use characteristics of the Green Buffer Zone is as follows. In the planning stage, preference is given to the characteristics of use of arranging green facility. It is necessary to manage the planned facilities as much as possible by changing them if necessary. Construction stage, it restrictively reflects landscaping facilities within the Green Buffer Zone function. After stage, This study will prioritize the target areas and select necessary areas and need to make efforts to prevent indiscriminate greenery encroachment.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2001

Climate in the year of 2000 was characterized as a long severe drought in tile spring, unusually high and low temperature in summer, two times of typoons, and floods by heavy rains in fall. Rice leaf and panicle blast and bacterial grain rot occurred severely comparing with 1999 and Bipolaris leaf spot spread over tile country. Phytophthora blight and anthracnose in red-pepper became epidemic especially in the late season causing severe yield losses. Tomato fusaruim wilt, CGMMV, powdery mildew, and sudden wilt syndrom of cucurbits and strawberry powdery mildew were also severe in 2000. In garlic, sclerotium rot occurred severely mainly due to the frequent rainfalls in planting time and much snowfalls in 1999's winter. Spring potato had severe infection of viruses due to a long spring drought, and fall potato had high incidence of bacterial soft rot and bacterial wilt due to fall floods by heavy rains. In sweet potato fusarium wilt was the most severe as in other year. Disease incidence of apple and pear trees was rotatively mild compared with previous years. In wheat and barley, Gibberella petch rarely occurred because of spring drought.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2009

Gwangju Metropolitan Government & Ministry of Environment have signed a model city in response to Climate Change agreement. The agreement calls for Gwangju to cut greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 2005 levels by 2015. Gwangju has seen this agreement as an opportunity to cut pollution and conserve the environment as well as to reinvigorate local economy. According to policy of Gwangju, Gwangju held design competition for Gwangju City Arboretum on march, 2009. The purpose of design competition was to give a wide publicity to Gwangju as Hub City of Asian Culture and construct carbon-neutral arboretum in accordance with the policy of 'Low-Carbon and Green Growth'. First of all, a design concept of arboretum is 'winding, round, overlay 'to reflect the landscape of Nam-do which is surrounded by mountains and river flows through the village. Second, the arboretum has five different places with these themes - Forest of Festivals, Health, Nature, Nostalgia, Education and Future. Each place has a symbolic theme park and different flow planning respectively. Third, the most critical point is that the arboretum is a carbon-neutral park. Gwangju arboretum will soon be developed in metropolitan sanitary landfill and constructed as the O2 arboretum based on low carbon strategy. Fourth, the O2 arboretum suggests specialized issue : 'Energy Saving', 'Recycling System', 'Green Network', 'Water System(rainwater maintenance and wetland development)'. Besides, main buildings(greenhouse, visitor center, Nam-do experience exhibition hall, and forest museum) is designed in consideration of harmony with topography character, surroundings. Also, planting will be a multilayer plant based on native landscape trees in consideration of function and the growth characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.98-108
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• 1999

The purpose of this research is to help outdoor space planning reflected real needs of apartment residents in the differentiation elements of outdoor space, by using USC trade-off game in three apartment complexes in Seoul. This game method was used to evaluate their preference, reliability of preference degree, satisfaction degree, requirement elements such as improvement, sacrifice, maintenance of present condition, and payment possibility for improving and maintaining present condition, in addition to their preference and payment possibility of differentiation of outdoor space in the apartment complex in the future. From the statical analysis, we found the following results: 1. Reliability of preference degree was valid, inasmuch as the first elements they preferred were the almost same as the last things. 2. Elements of preference were pedestrian ways, pedestrian security facilities, various athletic facilities, and variety and high-class facilities in a play ground. 3. Satisfaction degree of differentiation elements of outdoor space was low not only in total complexes but also in each complex. As a result of analysis, these elements were not satisfied with residents. 4. Most of the differentiation elements of outdoor space in three apartment complexes, except planting traditional trees, were required to improve and maintain present condition. The cost to improve and maintain these elements able to pay by them was about 2.18 million won. Through this result, these elements were not options but prerequisites for planning outdoor space in apartment complexes. 5. In the future preference elements of differentiation of outdoor space in apartment complexes were pedestrian and jogging ways, places with water, various athletic places and facilities, multi-function resting places, green spaces in experiences, pedestrian security facilities, various athletic facilities, variety and high-class facilities in a play ground, and payment possibility for these elements was about 3.20 million won.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.220-226
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• 2004

The restoration effects in two sorts of forests created and managed on the bases of ecological principles in Sihwa industrial complex and Mt. Surak respectively were evaluated in both viewpoints of species composition and diversity. Species composition of the forests created based on the ecological design was move similar to that of the natural forests compared wit h the forests constructed by applying the landscape architectural method. The increased species diversity in the ecologically created forest reflected the effect as well. Black locust plantation managed by applying the ecological principle showed move similar species composition to the surrounding natural forest than the forest left without any management. Furthermore, the former forest showed higher species diversity than the latter one. The methods, which create and manage a forest based on ecological principles, revealed several problems, such as lack of specialty of project operators and inspecting officers, construction regulations without the ecological background, absence of the endemic young trees to be introduced in diverse natural environment, etc. Preparation of guidance for ecological planting and systematic environmental education including revision of construction regulation were recommended as the measures to solve such problems.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.356-360
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• 1995

Korean white pine(Pinus koraiensis S.et Z.) is one of the important silvicultural species due to its quality timber in addition to edible pine - nut production. Selective breeding method is under progress to improve growth and nut production for this species. This study was carried out to obtain genetic information necessary for establishing advanced generation seed orchard, such as genetic parameters and efficiency of early selection. Open - pollinated cones were collected from 50 plus trees. In the spring of 1986, test plantations were established at 3 different sites with 4 - year - old seedlings. Seedling height was measured from age 5 to 10 in plantations. Genetic and phenotypic correlations based on the log of the ratio of two ages (LAK) were expressed as simple regression with statistical significance($r^2=0.7862$ and 0.8256, respectively). If 20 years is presumed to mature, the most efficient age for early selection is 3 years after planting with efficiency of 1.96.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2018

This study comprehends that the landscape of Ipsan Village is the accumulated output of the landscape management and social behavior by the historic personages through the reference research and field surveys. And the study sorted out the over-layered landscape characteristics of Ipsan Village by analyzing the dispersed landscape elements as follows. First, right before the start of Japanese invasions to Korea(1592-98), Tamjin(耽津) An(安) Family moved into Ipsan and started establishing the a single clan village. At a site with mountain background and facing the water(背山臨水), the village used to be a typical farming one with an organically planned road-system and housing area following the traditional order. However, the landscape has changed drastically since the 20th century with the construction of banks, roads and readjustment of arable land etc. Second, the original landscape, which can be figured out through the 'Gosanjaesibyukgyeong(高山齋十六景)' in the 18th century, shows its harmony with natural landscape: mountain & valley, stream & field, traditional trees, etc, cultural landscape: village, well, spring, etc, and momentary landscape: seasons, time, weather phenomena, sound, behavior, etc. Third, based on the second, 16 natural landscape elements: mountain & stream, planting, etc. and 25 cultural landscape elements: housing spaces, self-cultivation & ceremony spaces, community spaces and modern education & enlightenment spaces were selected and interpreted as landscaping meanings. Fourth, the over-layered landscape which stems from the compositive functions and inter-connectivity of landscape elements which consists Ipsan Village is regarded as 'Natural geographical and Fungsu landscape', 'Rural production and livelihood landscape', 'Confucian ceremony and symbolic landscape' and 'Modern education and enlightenment landscape.'

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.124-137
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• 2010

This study was started with the objective of restoring abandoned embanked farms, which are recently increasing, to mud flat by putting in least amount of energy in the aspect of environmental restoration. For the direction and establishment of the proposal for the restoration of mud flat using embanked farms, a case of Maipo Wetland in Hongkong was analyzed, and a proposal was prepared considering the condition of mud flat in Gochang. The restoration of mud flat in Gochang is intended to create various wetland ecological spaces as well as to provide opportunities for experience, education, recreation, and tourism. Effort was made to development an environment closest to the local ecological environment considering the shape and topographical condition of existing abandoned farms. For construction of the habitat, a target species was chosen and the plan for selection, planting, and management of species of trees suitable for the target species was established. In addition, the water level will be controlled by water gates to conform to the resting, spawning, breeding, and migration period considering the behavioral pattern of waders, the target species. The research on the restoration of mud flat in Korea is in incipient stage and this study provided an opportunity to review the possibility of restoration of abandoned embanked farms to mud flat. For the success of mud flat restoration from a long-term perspective, development of acclimating design infrastructure, technology improvement for mud flat restoration, and basis of partnership for the maintenance should be prepared in a systematical way.