• 제목/요약/키워드: plantation

검색결과 586건 처리시간 0.028초

Economic Analysis of Growing Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Under Teak (Tectona grandis) Canopy in Southwest Nigeria

  • Oladele, Adekunle Tajudeen;Popoola, Labode
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.147-156
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    • 2013
  • Multiple use forestry is capable of generating income for forest based communities through Non-Timber forest products (NTFPs) which provide food, medicine, materials for domestic use and cash income for communities adjoining forest areas in developing countries. This study evaluates the economics of producing ginger rhizomes under teak canopy in a multiple land use system during 2007 and 2008 in even aged teak plantations in Ibadan and Ife, Nigeria. Twelve $6m^2$ sample plots were randomly selected in Completely Randomized Block Design within and outside the plantation. Average ginger rhizome of (50-60 g) were planted on the slightly tilled soil. NPK 15:15:15 was applied at 180 kg/ha on a split unit dose. ANOVA, Profitability, Benefit-Cost (B/C) ratio were used to analyze data. Results showed no significant differences between sites in ginger rhizome yield, (0.089 and 0.718, ${\rho}{\leq}0.05$) in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Average yield were higher outside teak canopy in both sites and treatments, (Ibadan -40.05 g>32.9 g, Ife -67.6 g>25.2 g and Ibadan -41.3 g>31.5 g, Ife -66.8 g>25.0 g) with and without NPK respectively. NPK had no effect on yields within teak plantation, (Ibadan -31.5<32.9 g, Ife -25 g<25.2 g). Ginger rhizome production was viable financially without inorganic fertilizer during second cropping season within and outside plantation (B/C=1.02, 1.09) respectively. Ginger could be raised profitably under teak canopy, however, studies on insolation requirement of ginger under teak canopy and other tree plantations are recommended.

Natural Regeneration in the Plantations of Pinus koraiensis and Larix kaempferi in Yangyang-Gun, South Korea

  • Park, YeongDae;Lee, DonKoo;Choi, SeonDeok;Kwon, SoonDuk
    • 농업생명과학연구
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    • 제45권4호
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    • pp.47-58
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    • 2011
  • The forest of Korea had been severely degraded since early 1900s until 1950s. Korean Government has successfully accomplished the reforestation works since 1960s. However, some plantations showed poor survival and growth caused by ignoring site characteristics in selecting plantation species and lack of tending works such as thinning. The natural regeneration of indigenous species, such as Quercus species and Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc., were examined in the plantations of Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc. and Larix kaempferi Fortune ex Gordon. Quercus species regenerated mainly by sprouting while P. densiflora regenerated naturally from a few mother trees that remained in the plantations. P. koraiensis showed poor survival ($IVI{\leq}25%$) and suppressed growth (height ${\leq}3m$ and $DBH{\leq}3cm$ at 20 year-old) by Quercus species or P. densiflora in the plantation areas, however had high survival ($IVI{\geq}70%$) and growth (8 m height and 14.1 cm DBH at 20 year-old) in areas where silvicultural practices were conducted. L. kaempferi showed good survival ($IVI{\geq}40%$) and growth (17.2 m height and 16.3 cm DBH at 30 year-old) mostly in valley areas, while it was nearly dead ($IVI{\leq}10%$) in ridge or ridge-slope areas and was replaced by indigenous species such as Quercus species ($IVI{\geq}25{\sim}55%$) or P. densiflora ($IVI{\geq}18{\sim}50%$).

Characterization of Alpha Amylase Producing Thielaviopsis ethacetica and Its Raw Starch Hydrolyzing Ability on Different Agricultural Substrates

  • Dissanayaka, Dissanayaka M.S.;De Silva, Sembukuttige N.T.;Attanayaka, D.P.S.T.G.;Kurera, Mihidukulasuriya J.M.S.;Fernando, Charakrawarthige A.N.
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제47권3호
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    • pp.412-422
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    • 2019
  • The present study reports the morphological and molecular characterization of the fungal strain, CMSS06 and evaluates its raw starch hydrolyzing ability in four different agricultural substrates (rice bran, banana peel, cassava tubers, and coconut water). The potential use of each agricultural substrate to replace the expensive fermentation media was evaluated with six different fermentation media: rice bran (RB), banana peel (BP), cassava starch (CS), cassava in coconut water (CSCW), cassava in modified coconut water (CMCW), and pure Coconut water (CW). The fungal strain CMSS06 was identified as Thielaviopsis ethacetica by the analysis of the ITS sequences. The T. ethacetica alpha amylase enzyme exhibited maximum alpha amylase activity at 72 h, pH 7.0, and $40^{\circ}C$ on soluble starch. This species resulted in the highest enzyme activity (mU/ml) of 26.06, 10.89, 58.82, 14.2, and 54.67 with the RB, BP, CS, CSCW, and CMCW fermentation media, respectively. The results indicate that CS can be used as a carbon substrate and CMCW can be used to accelerate the fermentation by T. ethacetica. The enzyme was partially purified by 40-60% ammonium sulphate fraction, and it showed total enzyme activity, total protein content, specific activity, purification fold, and a recovery of 2400 mU, 30 mg, 80 mU/mg, 2.7, and 71.1%, respectively. The molecular mass of the T. ethacetica alpha amylase was estimated on SDS-PAGE, and two bands around 50 kDa and 70 kDa were identified. The present study implies that T. ethacetica can produce alpha amylase, and it can be used to hydrolyze raw starch during the fermentation processes.

Diversity, Interspecific Interaction and Abundance of Undergrowth in Monocultures and Integrated Systems of Natural Rubber Plantation in Danzhou, Southern China

  • Chima, Uzoma Darlington;Qi, Dongling;Wu, Zhixiang;Lan, Guoyu;Chen, Li
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.75-89
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    • 2022
  • The negative impact of monoculture rubber plantations on biodiversity and associated ecological processes/ecosystem services has led to suggestions on the use of integrated land use systems for rubber cultivation and production in order to ensure environmental sustainability. However, there is paucity of information on the effect of such integrated land use systems on the diversity and abundance of the rubber plantation undergrowth. We evaluated and compared undergrowth plant species composition, richness, abundance, diversity and interaction, in three integrated systems (Rubber-Strelitzia reginae Integrated System - RSrIS, Rubber-Podocarpus nagi Integrated System - RPnIS & Naturally Managed Rubber Plantation - NMRP) with three Rubber Monoculture Plantations (RMP1, RMP2 & RMP3) adjacent to the integrated systems, respectively, at the Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, Hainan, China. Undergrowth species density was higher in the rubber monocultures than in the integrated systems except in RSrIS. Species richness and diversity were also higher in the monocultures except in NMRP. Species similarity/interaction between the monocultures and the integrated systems was highest between RMP3 and NMRP. The NRMP proved to be the best model of natural rubber integrated system for the conservation of undergrowth species richness, diversity and interspecific interaction. However, the conservation of undergrowth species in other forms of integrated natural systems can be enhanced by considering the ecology of species to be integrated in terms of their growth characteristics, competitive nature, and ability to grow in association with other species.

Fertilization Effects on Understory Vegetation Biomass and Structure in Four Different Plantations

  • Son, Yowhan;Lee, Mi-Hyang;Noh, Nam Jin;Kang, Byeung Hoa;Kim, Kun Ok;Yi, Myong Jong;Byun, Jae Kyung;Yi, Koong
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제96권5호
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    • pp.520-527
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    • 2007
  • Biomass and species diversity of understory vegetation after fertilization were studied for 28-year-old Quercus acutissima plantation (MQA), 29-year-old Pinus densiflora plantation (MPD), 8-year-old Betula platyphylla var. japonica plantation after coal reclamation (YBP), and 4-year-old Pinus densiflora plantation after forest fire (YPD) in central Korea. Nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium (6:4:1) fertilizer was applied for 3 years from 2004. Thereafter photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and understory species richness and diversity were measured in late July-early August 2006. PAR (${\mu}mol\;m^{-2}S^{-1}$) was higher at the fertilization treatment (100.9) than at the control (67.0) for MQA while was lower at the fertilization treatment (156.5) than at the control (268.7) for MPD. Total understory biomass (t $ha^{-1}$) was lower at the fertilization plot (1.8) than at the control plot (3.0) for YPD, however, there were no differences in biomass between fertilization and control plots for MQA, MPD and YBP. Total species number of understory vegetation was higher for fertilization than for control at MPD (47 vs. 45) and YPD (21 vs. 13), and was higher for mature plantations (33 vs. 37 for MQA and 47 vs. 45 for MPD) than for young plantations (16 vs. 16 for YBP and 21 vs. 13 for YPD). Species richness and diversity were higher at the fertilization treatment than at the control for MQA, YBP, and YPD while were lower at the fertilization treatment than at the control for MPD, however, the differences were not statistically significant. Our results indicate that there were no consistent patterns in light conditions, biomass and species richness and diversity of understory vegetation following fertilization. More detailed long-term studies with different fertilizer applications would be necessary to conclude the influence of fertilization on understory vegetation in the region.

주요 조림수종의 적지 판정 및 투자효율성 분석을 위한 GIS 응용모델의 개발 (Development of a GIS Application Model for Analyzing Site-Specific Suitability and Investment Efficiency of Major Plantation Species)

  • 김의경;김형호;정주상
    • 한국지리정보학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2006
  • 이 연구의 목적은 주요 조림수종의 적지적수 및 투자효율성을 분석하기 위한 GIS 응용모델을 개발하는데 있다. 이 모델은 잠재적 임분생장력과 투자효율성을 동시에 만족시킬 수 있는 수종을 선정할 수 있도록 개발되었다. 즉, 임분의 잠재적 생장력은 지위지수의 추정을 통해 그리고 산림투자에 대한 효율성은 내부투자수익율을 산출하여 수종을 선발하게 된다. 산림경영 여건과 지위지수는 일련의 FGIS 수치도면들의 처리과정을 통해 추출되는 산림입지환경인자들의 함수로 평가된다. 이와 같은 분석 과정을 거쳐서 결정된 수종별 지위지수를 토대로 잠재적 임분생장량이 높게 예측되는 수종들을 우선 선발하고, 이 수종들을 조림하여 경영하는 경우의 내부투자수익율을 산출하게 된다. 내부투자수익율이 가장 높은 것이 결국 임분의 생장량 측면과 수익성 측면을 동시에 만족시키는 수종으로 볼 수 있다. 이 모델을 서울대학교 태화산학술림에 적용하여 6개 수종에 대한 입지 여건별 적합도 판정을 위한 사례분석을 수행하였고 그 결과를 제시하였다.

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일본잎갈나무조림지의 생태적 변화와 그 결과를 통해 확인된 복원 효과 (Ecological Changes of the Larix kaempferi Plantations and the Restoration Effects Confirmed from the Results)

  • 김세미;안지홍;임윤경;피정훈;김경순;이호영;조용찬;배관호;이창석
    • 생태와환경
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    • 제46권2호
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    • pp.241-250
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    • 2013
  • 조성연도가 다른 일본잎갈나무조림지를 대상으로 조림 후 시간이 경과함에 따라 식생의 발달과정을 분석하였다. 일본잎갈나무의 높이와 직경은 조림 후 24년까지 빠르게 생장하였고, 그 이후 양 생장이 모두 둔화되는 경향이었다. 일본잎갈나무의 밀도는 8년생 식분과 17년생 식분에서는 유사한 밀도를 유지하였으나 24년생 식분에서 크게 감소하였고 그 이후에는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 서열법을 적용하여 비교된 일본잎갈나무조림지의 종 조성은 조성연도에 따라 뚜렷한 변화경향을 나타내지 않았고, 조성연도가 다른 조림지 간의 차이가 대조구와의 차이보다 컸다. 주요 종의 직경급 별 빈도분포를 통해 분석한 결과 일본잎갈나무조림지는 신갈나무가 우점하는 자생식생으로의 천이경향을 보였다. 종 다양성은 모든 연령의 식분들이 대조구의 것보다 높았다. 이상의 결과에서 보여지듯이 일본잎갈나무조림지에서 나타난 대조지소와 유사한 종 조성, 자생식생으로의 천이 경향 그리고 높은 종 다양성은 생태적 복원의 성공을 의미하는 조건으로서 기능적 복원으로 출발한 일본잎갈나무조림지가 성공적인 복원을 이루어낸 것으로 평가할 수 있다.

아까시나무(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) 조림지(造林地)에서 천이(遷移)의 예측(豫測)과 조림학적(造林學的) 제어(制御) (Prediction of Succession and Silvicultural Control in the Black Locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) Plantation)

  • 윤충원;오승환;이준혁;주성현;홍성천
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제88권2호
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    • pp.229-239
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    • 1999
  • 아까시나무 조림지(造林地)의 천이(遷移)를 예측(豫測)하고 조림학적(造林學的) 제어(制御)에 필요한 삼림생태학적(森林生態學的) 자료(資料)를 얻기 위하여 아까시나무 조림지(造林地)의 식생단위(植生單位)를 구분(區分)하였고, 아끼시나무 조림지(造林地)에 출현(出現)한 주요(主要) 종(種)의 경쟁(競爭) 및 천이(遷移)를 분석(分析)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 아까시나무 조림지(造林地)의 식생(植生)은 I. 굴참나무군락(群落)(Quercus variabilis community), II. 며느리배꼽군락(群落)(Persicaria perfoliata community), III. 때죽나무군락(群落)(Styrax japonica community), IV. 깨풀군락(群落)(Acalypha australis community), V. 전형군락(典型群落)(Typical community)의 5개 군락(群落)으로 구분(區分)되었고, 이러한 군락수준(群落水準)의 식생단위(植生單位)는 군(群)(group) 또는 소군(小群)(subgroup)의 하급단위(下級單位)로 세분(細分)되었다. 식생단위별(植生單位別) 종다양도지수(種多樣度指數)는 식생단위(植生單位) 상호간(相互間)에 유의(有意)한 차이를 보였다. CCA법(法)에 의해 식분(植分)을 배열한 결과 1축상의 배열은 해발고, 모래함량, 미사함량 및 유효인함량과 2축상의 배열은 질소, 칼슘 및 칼륨함량과 유의한 관계를 나타내었다. 아까시나무 조림지(造林地)에 출현한 주요 종(種)의 경쟁상태(鏡爭狀態)와 천이경향(遷移傾向)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 천이(遷移)의 진행(進行)에 따라 향토수종(鄕土樹種)인 참나무류(類), 단풍나무류(類), 벚나무류(類) 등이 혼재(混在)하는 숲으로 천이(遷移)가 진행(進行)될 것으로 예측(豫測)되었다.

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난대상록활엽수종 조림지 활착률과 영향인자 (The Characteristics and Survival Rates of Evergreen Broad-Leaved Tree Plantations in Korea)

  • 박준형;정수영;이광수;이호상
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제108권4호
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    • pp.513-521
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    • 2019
  • 본 연구는 전국 난대상록활엽수종의 조림지에 대한 생육환경 및 입지환경 특성과 활착률간의 관계특성으로부터 조림적지 의사결정 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 1997년부터 후박나무(Machilus thunbergii), 구실잣밤나무(Castanopsis sieboldii) 등 난대상록활엽수 10종의 신규 조림지 180ha의 148개 조사구에 대한 활착률을 모니터링 한 결과 평균 활착률은 67.0±26.9%이었다. 활착률 편차가 크게 나타난 원인은 조림 적지에 관한 실증적 현지 검증이 부족한 상황에서 다양한 입지를 대상으로 시험 조림이 이루어진 결과로 판단된다. 각 조사구별 11개 생육환경 및 입지환경 특성, 조림전후 강수 등의 정성적 설명요인과 활착률의 정량적 요인 간의 관계특성으로부터 수량화 이론 I에 따른 활착률에 대한 기여도를 분석한 결과, 조림지 상층임분 울폐도, 풍노출도, 조림 전 누적 강수량, 경사도 등의 순으로 높게 나타났다.