• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.196-200
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• 2004

This study was conducted to compare the root weight, yield, quality of fresh and red ginseng roots and crude saponin content in roots between fixing light transmittance(Control) and changing light transmittance(C.L.T.) during the ginseng growing seasons. The root weight in C.L.T. was higher than control by $35{\%}$ in early growth stage, $28{\%}$ in middle growth stage and $26{\%}$ in late growth stage in 6 years old ginseng plant. Root yield per 10a in C.L.T. was increased about $40{\%}$ as compared with that of control, also 1st and 2nd grade of fresh ginseng roots in C.L.T. was higher $(50.3{\%})$ compared with that $(12.9{\%})$ of control. The specific gravity of ginseng roots grown under the C.L.T. was exhibited the sig­nificant difference than control during the growing season in 4 and 6 years old ginseng plants. Red ginseng quality in C.L.T. was not only improved remarkably due to the increasement of heaven and earth grade red ginseng but also increased in crude saponin content than control. Therefore it needs to change the light transmittance(increasing light dur­ing low temperature periods and decreasing light during high temperature period) during the growing season for high yield and good qualities of ginseng roots.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.76-82
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• 1989

Five known diosgenin glycosides have been isolated from the MeOH extract of Smilax china rhizomes and characterized as prosapogenin A of dioscin, dioscin, gracillin, methyl protogracillin, methyl protodioscin and its corresponding 22-hydroxy analog. This is the first isolation of the former four compounds from this plant. ${\beta}-Sitosterol\;glucoside$ was also isolated and identified.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.331-332
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• 2009

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.345-350
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• 2017

Saponin is the most pharmaceutical active ingredients of the ginseng plant, it was called "Ginsenoside" which means the Glycoside of ginseng that composed glycosides and aglycones. The human body will absorb the saponin easily if these substrate was decomposed by active microorganism. Fermentation is the most convenient technique to decompose this active ingredients. The purpose of this research was to study the sugar content, pH and acidity development during the ginseng fermentation process. Fresh Korean ginseng and red ginseng extract was used as the main ingredient. The concentrated of pure ginseng extract was added to increase the saponin extract. Furthermore, the mix microbial powder was added as starter to increase the fermentation efficiency. The ginseng was fermented in fermentation chamber at temperature $37^{\circ}C$ during 70 days. In the end of experiment the sugar content was decreased from 24% to 7.65%, The pH was decreased from 6.5 to 3.4, and the acidity level was incresed from 0% to 1.2%.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.2 s.149
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• pp.192-196
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• 2007

A rapid and practical HPLC assay was developed for quantitative analysis of saponins in Platycodi Radix. Seven saponin components in Platycodi Radix, i.e., deapioplatycoside E, platycoside E, deapioplatycodin D$_3$, platycodin D$_3$, polygalacin D$_2$, platycodin D$_2$ and platycodin D were successfully resolved on C18 column and detected by ELSD. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 1 ${\sim}$2,000 ${\mu}$g/ml (r$^2$>0.992). Intra- and inter-day coefficients for variation of seven saponin components were < 10% and limit of quantification of them were around 0.7${\sim}$1.5 ${\mu}$g/ml, respectively. Using this method, contents of seven saponins in various plant materials under different cultivating conditions were estimated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1580-1587
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• 2006

Several researchers have demonstrated that the rumen microbial community rapidly adapts to saponins and proposed interval feeding to prevent this rapid adaptation. An in vivo experiment was carried out to examine the effect of daily versus application every third day (interval feeding) of Sapindus rarak saponins (SE) on rumen fermentation end products, protozoal counts and nutrient digestibility. Thirty sheep were allocated into 5 groups. Sheep were fed daily or every third day with two levels of SE (0.48 and 0.72 g/kg body mass). One group received no saponin and served as control. All sheep received the same diet, a mixture of elephant grass and wheat pollard (65:35 w/w). Independent of the feeding regime and the level of inclusion, the addition of SE decreased protozoal counts and rumen ammonia concentrations (p<0.01). Microbial N supply and N retention were not affected by the high feeding regime. Daily feeding negatively influenced rumen xylanase and cellulase activity, but only when the high level of saponins was fed. However, these negative effects on rumen cell wall degradation were not reflected in decreasing total tract digestibility of the organic matter or the plant cell walls. Our results show that rumen microorganisms do not rapidly adapt to S. rarak saponins.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2008

From the 70% EtOH extract of the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (Leguminosae), fifteen saponins were isolated and identified as astragaloside I (1), isoastragaloside II (2), astragaloside II (3), agroastragaloside I (4), cyclogaleginoside B (5), cycloaraloside A (6), brachyoside B (7), agroastragaloside II (8), astragaloside III (9), astragaloside IV (10), astramembranoside A (11), astramembranoside B (12), cylocanthoside E (13), cyclounifolioside B (14) and azukisaponin V methyl ester (15) by spectroscopic methods. Ten compounds 1 - 3, 5 - 7, 9 - 11 and 14 have cycloastragenol as an aglycon, and four compounds 4, 8 , 12, and 13 have cyclocanthogenin as an aglycon. The hairy roots of A. membranaceus were shown to produce previously unreported cycloartane-type saponins such as agroastragalosides I (4) and II (8) and cycloastragenol $3-O-{\beta}-D-xyloside$ (5), together with the known saponins. This is the first report of these saponins (4, 5, and 8) from the intact plant. Although the occurrence of the oleanane-type triterpene saponin, azukisaponin V methyl ester (15), in Astragalus plants has been demonstrated by others, this is the first report of the azukisaponin V methyl ester (15) from the Astragalus plants.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.4
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• pp.237-265
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• 1995

The inhibitory effects of Gleditschiae Spina, Cleditschia saponin, two complex prescriptions such as Takrisodokum and Kwaluubangtang, which contain Gleditschiae Spina, and their altered prescriptions on the activity of cyclooxygenase in vitro were investigated. The water extract of Gleditschiae Spina and Gleditschia saponin markedly inhibited the cyclo-oxygenase activity by 59% and 67%, respectively, at a concentration of $1mg/m{\ell}$, on the other hand, Takrisodokum and Kwaluubangtang showed 15% and 7% inhibition, respectively. The extracts with the substraction of Gleditschiae Spina and/or Platycodi Radix inhibited to a much smaller extent than Takrisodokum. However, in case of the extracts with the substraction of Gleditschiae Spina and/or Trichosanthis Semen, only one prescription, which does not contain Trichosanthis Semen, exhibited the same inhibition as Takrisodokum. From above results, Gleditschiae Spina was found to be most important for the effect of Takrisodokum and Kwaluubangtang on their antiinflammatory action. Instead of Gleditschiae Spina, another parts of this plant were added to both complex prescriptions and tested according to above methods, indicating that Gleditschiae Spina is more important than another parts for both prescriptions. When the administered dose of Gleditschiae Spina is increased(twofold and threefold) in both complex prescriptions, the inhibitory effect in Takrisodokum was diminished. however, the effect in Kwaluubangtang was increased.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1239-1243
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• 2005

A new norditerpenoid and a known alkaloid were isolated from the alkaloidal fraction of the processed tubers of Aconitum carmichaeli. The structure of the new norditerpenoid alkaloid was elucidated as lipoforesaconitine (1) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The known norditerpenoid alkaloid was characterized as lipoyunanaconitine (2). In addition, a new flavonoid, 6'-O-acetylliquiritin (7), along with a known ceramide, (2S,3S,4R,8E)-2-[(2'R)-2'­hydroxylignoceroylamino]-8(E)-octadecene-1,3,4-triol (3), as well as a known steroid saponin, gracillin (8), and three known flavonoids, Iiquiritigenin (4), isoliquiritigenin (5), and liquiritin (6), were also isolated and characterized. All known compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of the isolates were established by spectroscopic and chemical methods.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2001

To search for cytotoxic components from Allium victoriallis , MTT assays on each extract and an isolated component, gitogenin 3-O-lycotetroside, were performed against cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicities of most extract were shown to be comparatively weak, though $IC_50$ values of $CHCl_3$fraction was found to be <31.3-368.4 $\mu\textrm{g}/ml$. From the incubated methanol extract at $36^{\circ}C, eleven kinds of organosulfuric flavours were predictable by CG-MS performance. The most abundant peak was revealed to be 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin(1) by its mass spectrum. Further, this extract showed significant cytotoxicities toward cancer cell lies. Silica gel column chromatography of the n-butanol fraction led to the isolation of gitogenin 3-O-lycotetroside (3) along with astragalin (4) and kaempferol 3, 4'-di-O-$\beta$-D-glycoside (5). This steroidal saponin exhibited significant cytotoxic activities ($IC_50$, 6.51-36.5 $\mu\textrm{g}/ml$) over several cancer cell lines. When compound 3 was incubated for 24 h with human intestinal bacteria, a major metabolite was produced and then isolated by silica gel column chromatography. By examining parent and prominent ion peak in FAB-MS spectrum of the metabolite, the structure was speculated not to be any of prosapogenins of 3, suggesting that spiroketal ring were labile to the bacterial reaction. These suggest that disulfides produced secondarily are the antitumor principles.