• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.74-78
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• 2008

감초의 에틸아세테이트 분획 중 flavonoid 지표물질인 liquiritin이 들어있는 분획 (GUE6)에 살구 및 복숭아 종자로부터 얻은 조효소액 (PDE, PAE, PPE)을 법제 처리하였다. 각 조효소액에서 ${\beta}-glucosidase$ 활성도는 아몬드 (P. dulcis) 259.6 U/g 살구 (P. persica), 복숭아 (P. persica) 조효소액의 ${\beta}-glucosidase$ 활성도가 가장 높게 관찰되었다. PDE, PAE, PPE를 이용한 발효 법제 후 liquiritigenin의 함량 비교 결과, 효소중의 ${\beta}-glucosidase$에 의해 liquiritin이 대사되어 항산화, 향군, 세포 독성 억제, 항치매, 항피부암 등 많은 약리효능을 가진 활성 물질인 liquiritigenin이 생산됨이 확인되었으며, 세효수 모두 liquiritin에 1.2배의 효소 처리 시 가장 대사가 활발한 것으로 나타나 변환을 위한 최적 농도로 결정되었다 세효소 중 특히 PPE 처리 시 liquiritin이 모두 liquiritigenin으로 변환됨으로써 liquiritin의 변환에 복숭아 종자 유래 효소가 가장 효율적인 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2007

Field experiments were conducted to determine the physiological and biochemical basis of the interactive effect of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) application on seed and xanthotoxin yield of Ammi majus L. Six treatments were tested ($T_1$ = control-without manure and fertilizers, $T_2$ = manure @ 9 kg $plot^{-1}-10\;t\;ha^{-1},\;T_3=A_0N_{50}K_{25}P_{25},\;T_4=S_{40}N_{50}K_{25}P_{25},\;T_5=S_{40}N_{100}K_{25}P_{25}\;T_6=S_{20+20}N_{50+50}K_{25}P_{25})$). Nitrate reductase (NR) activity and ATP-sulphurylase activity in the leaves were measured at various phonological stages, as the two enzymes catalyze rate-limiting steps of the assimilatory pathways of nitrate and sulphate, respectively. The activities of these two enzymes were strongly correlated with seed and xanthotoxin yield. The highest nitrate reductase activity, ATP-sulphurylase activity and xanthotoxin yield were achieved with the treatment $T_4$. Any variation from this treatment decreased the activity of these enzymes, resulting in a reduction of the seed and xanthotoxin yield in Ammi majus L. The higher seed and xanthotoxin yield achieved in Ammi majus L. at treatment $T_4$ could be due to optimization of leaf soluble protein and photosynthetic rate, as these parameters are Influenced by S and N assimilation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1659-1676
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• 2002

Ruminant animals develop a diverse and sophisticated microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs. Plant cell walls are complex and their structures are not fully understood, but it is generally believed that the chemical properties of some plant cell wall compounds and the cross-linked three-dimensional matrix of polysaccharides, lignin and phenolic compounds limit digestion of cell wall polysaccharides by ruminal microbes. Three adaptive strategies have been identified in the ruminal ecosystem for degrading plant cell walls: production of the full slate of enzymes required to cleave the numerous bonds within cell walls; attachment and colonization of feed particles; and synergetic interactions among ruminal species. Nonetheless, digestion of fibrous feeds remains incomplete, and numerous research attempts have been made to increase this extent of digestion. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) have been used successfully in monogastric animal production for some time. The possibility of adapting EFE as feed additives for ruminants is under intensive study. To date, animal responses to EFE supplements have varied greatly due to differences in enzyme source, application method, and types of diets and livestock. Currently available information suggests delivery of EFE by applying them to feed offers the best chance to increase ruminal digestion. The general tendency of EFE to increase rate, but not extent, of fibre digestion indicates that the products currently on the market for ruminants may not be introducing novel enzyme activities into the rumen. Recent research suggests that cleavage of esterified linkages (e.g., acetylesterase, ferulic acid esterase) within the plant cell wall matrix may be the key to increasing the extent of cell wall digestion in the rumen. Thus, a crucial ingredient in an effective enzyme additive for ruminants may be an as yet undetermined esterase that may not be included, quantified or listed in the majority of available enzyme preparations. Identifying these pivotal enzyme(s) and using biotechnology to enhance their production is necessary for long term improvements in feed digestion using EFE. Pretreating fibrous feeds with alkali in addition to EFE also shows promise for improving the efficacy of enzyme supplements.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.1633-1637
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• 2005

Driselase, Cellulase, Macerozyme R-200, Macerozyme R-10및 Sumyzyme MC 등 5종의 시판 식물세포벽분해효소가 당근의 세포벽물질(CWM)로부터 제조한 알콜불용성 잔사(AIR)와 cellulose fraction의 f-hydroxybenzoic acid 추출에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 당근AIR의 주된 페놀화합물은 P-hydroxybenzoic acid로 1,977 $\mu$g/g AIR였으며, vanillin, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde가 각각 55.9, 13.6, 10.6 $\mu$g/g AIR인 것으로 나타났다. 효소에 함유되어있는 ferulic acid의 함량은 Driselase, Cellulase, Macerozyme R-200, Macerozyme R-10, Sumyzyme MC에서 각각 2,319, 2,060, 391, 95.2, 34.1 $\mu$g/g인 것으로 나타났다. 이들 효소와 세포벽물질과의 반응을 조사한 결과, Driselase와 AIR의 반응 후 유리된 p-hydroxybenzoic acid의 함량은 56 $\mu$g/g AIR로 알칼리 (4 M NaOH) 추출한 총량의 2.8$\%$에 해당한다. 따라서 p-hydroxybenzoic acid는 AIR과 셀룰로오스 분획으로부터 이들 효소에 의해 분리되기 어려운 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2001년도 추계정기 학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.83-84
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• 2001

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.179-183
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• 2009

To understand the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on floral senescence in Hibiscus syriacus L., we have investigated change in relative water potential, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, H_2O_2 content and the activity of antioxidative enzymes in the petals during flower opening and senescence. Hibiscus flowers were achieved full bloom at early morning and started to in-rolling and showed petal in-rolling over than 50% at 24 h and 36 h after full bloom, respectively. The flower was a decrease in fresh weight by 30% and showed water loss with floral senescence. MDA content and activity of antioxidative enzymes such as APX, GR and CAT were showed no significant change until 36 h after full bloom. In the flower 48 h after full bloom that showed complete petal in-rolling and wilting, however, activity of antioxidative enzymes and H_2O_2 content was greatly increased as compared with 0 h after full bloom. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species are related to accelerating the later senescence more than inducing the early senescence during Hibiscus flower senescence.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.439-443
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• 2007

The effects of the methanol extract of the leaves of Brassica juncea and isorhamnetin $3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$, major compound isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of this plant on hepatic lipid peroxidation and drug-metabolizing enzymes, were evaluated in rats treated with bromobenzene. The extract and isorhamnetin $3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ of oral administration did not show any significant effects on activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, enzymes forming toxic epoxide by bromobenzene as well as on glutathione content. However, both methanol extract and isorhamnetin $3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ significantly recovered the decreased activities of glutathione s-transferase and epoxide hydrolase, and also reduced the lipid peroxide level in rats treated with bromobenzene. From the results, the protections of this plant against bromobenzene-induced hepatotoxicity are thought to be via enhancing the activities of epoxide hydrolase and glutathione s-transferase, enzymes removing toxic epoxide, and reducing the lipid peroxide level.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2015

The use of novel isolates of Trichoderma with efficient antagonistic capacity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a promising alternative strategy to pesticides for tomato wilt management. We evaluated the antagonistic activity of 30 isolates of T. asperellum against 4 different isolates of FOL. The production of extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes of the antagonistic isolates was also measured. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was applied to assess the genetic variability among the T. asperellum isolates. All of the T. asperellum isolates significantly reduced the mycelial growth of FOL isolates but the amount of growth reduction varied significantly as well. There was a correlation between the antagonistic capacity of T. asperellum isolates towards FOL and their lytic enzyme production. Isolates showing high levels of chitinase and ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activities strongly inhibited the growth of FOL isolates. RAPD analysis showed a high level of genetic variation among T. asperellum isolates. The UPGMA dendrogram revealed that T. asperellum isolates could not be grouped by their antagonistic behavior or lytic enzymes production. Six isolates of T. asperellum were highly antagonistic towards FOL and potentially could be used in commercial agriculture to control tomato wilt. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that understanding the genetic variation within Trichoderma isolates and their biochemical capabilities are required for the selection of effective indigenous fungal strains for the use as biocontrol agents.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.212-218
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• 2003

Citrus phytoene synthase (CitPsy) and ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylase (CitChx), which are involved in caroteinoid biosynthesis, are distantly related to the corresponding bacterial enzymes from the point of view of amino acid sequence similarity. We investigated these enzyme activities using Pantoea ananatis carotenoid biosynthetic genes and Escherichia coli as a host cell. The genes were cloned into two vector systems controlled by the T7 promoter. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that CitPsy and CitChx proteins are normally expressed in E. coli in both soluble and insoluble forms. In vivo complementation using the Pantoea ananatis enzymes and HPLC analysis showed that ${\beta}$-carotene and zeaxanthin were produced in recombinant E. coli, which indicated that the citrus enzymes were functionally expressed in E. coli and assembled into a functional multi-enzyme complex with Pantoea ananatis enzymes. These observed activities well matched the results of other researchers on tomato phytoene synthase and Arabidopsis and pepper ${\beta}$-carotene hydroxylases. Thus, our results suggest that plant carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes can generally complement the bacterial enzymes and could be a means of carotenoid production by molecular breeding and fermentation in bacterial and plant systems.

• BMB Reports
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.618-624
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• 2004

All members of R. glutinosa show the unique characteristic of intrinsic tolerance to paraquat (PQ). Antioxidant enzymes have been proposed to be the primary mechanism of PQ resistance in several plant species. Therefore, the antioxidant enzyme systems of R. glutinosa were evaluated by comparatively analyzing cellular antioxidant enzyme levels, and their responses of oxidative stresses and hormones. The levels of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), non-specific peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 7.3-, 4.9-, 2.7- and 1.6-fold higher in PQ-tolerant R. glutinosa than in PQ-susceptible soybeans. However, the activity of catalase (CAT) was about 12-fold higher in the soybeans. The activities of antioxidant enzymes reduced after PQ treatment in the two species, with the exception of POX and SOD in R. glutinosa, which increased by about 40%. Interestingly, the activities of APX, SOD and POX in R. glutinosa, relative to those in soybeans, were further increased by 49, 67 and 93% after PQ treatment. The considerably higher intrinsic levels, and increases in the relative activities of antioxidant enzymes in R. glutinosa under oxidative stress support the possible role of these enzymes in the PQ tolerance of R. glutinosa. However, the relatively lower levels of SOD versus PQ tolerance, and the mixed responses of antioxidant enzymes to stresses and hormones, suggest a possible alternative mechanism(s) for PQ tolerance in R. glutinosa.