• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.543-549
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate age-specific and generalized allometric equations and biomass expansion factors (BEFs) for each tree component across three age-sequence stands (35-year-old, 51-year-old, 62-year-old) of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) in Jinju, located in the western part of Gyeongnam province, Korea. Biomass in each tree component, i.e. foliage, branch, and stem, was quantified by destructive tree harvesting. Allometric regression equations were significant (P<0.05) with diameter at breast height (DBH) or combination of DBH and height ($DBH^2H$) accounting for 55-98% of the variation (as indicated by coefficients of determination, $R^2$) in aboveground biomass except for foliage biomass of the 62-year-old stand. Generalized allometric equations can be used to estimate the biomass of black pine stands because the slopes of age-specific equations over 35-year-old stands were not significantly different by the age-sequence. The stem density and biomass expansion factor (BEFs) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from different stand ages and ranged from 0.45 to $0.51gcm^{-3}$, and from 1.32 to 1.38, respectively. The results indicate that allometric equations, stem density and aboveground BEFs in the matured black pine over 35-year-old are little influenced by different stand ages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 2010

This study was carried out to develop local allometric biomass regression equations and to estimate aboveground biomass of red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stands among three regions (Hadong, Hamyang, Sancheong) from the western regions of Gyeongnam province. We selected three natural red pine stands with similar stand ages (about 40-year-old) from each region. The allometric regression equations were significant in all tree components (P<0.05) and the determination of coefficient ($R^2$) ranged 0.87 from 0.99. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the biomass of tree components among three regions. The biomass was 173.3 Mg/ha in Hadong, 131.0 Mg/ha in Sancheong, and 66.5 Mg/ha in Hamyang. The proportion of biomass was 70.4-77.1% in stemwood, 10.9-15.2% in branch, 8.9-10.4% in stembark, and 3.1-4.4% in needle. The results indicated that red pine stands in the western Gyeongnam regions showed the significant difference of aboveground biomass which was attributed to site quality and stand density.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.188-195
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• 2017

Despite the high commercial value of the pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) around the world, its production still depends upon natural harvesting. In recent years, mushroom researchers in Korea and Japan have been successful in artificially cultivating T. matsutake by producing single mushroom through matsutake-infected pine seedlings. In this study, we determined the minimum seedling height required for the survival of matsutake mycelia in the infected pine seedlings in the field. The survival rate of matsutake mycelia in the matsutake-infected pine seedlings was 50% (14) in two years and 71% (10) in one year after their transplantation. The average height at time of transplantation of the matsutake-infected pine seedlings that bore surviving mycelia after transplantation was 25 cm (minimum 12 cm to maximum 40 cm). In conclusion, the matsutake mycelium of matsutake-infected pine seedlings was able to survive in field conditions if the height of the seedling at the time of T. matsutake infection was at least 12 cm. These results suggest that the height of the host plants used in conventional matsutake-infected pine seedling production should be greatly reduced to improve the matsutake cultivation. Therefore, standardization of the seedling height for artificial cultivation of pine mushrooms by the matsutake-infected pine seedling method is suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2011

The pine wilt disease is one of the most serious forest diseases that kill the pine trees, and the study on the invasion and movement of the pine wood nematode within the tree is very important for understanding the inhabitation of pine wood nematode. In this relation, the microscopic observation was carried out to study the place of inhabitation and movement of pine wood nematode within the infested wood. In result, the rays were mainly infested by pine wood nematode and showed dark discoloration due to their necrosis in cross, radial and tangential surface. Also, the intensive damage was found in the resin canals. On the other hand, some traumatic resin canals in tangential band were identified in the sapwood near the cambium. In the ray, the pine wood nematode occurred more commonly in the ray parenchyma cell and fusiform ray with horizontal resin canal than in the ray tracheid and uniseriate ray without horizontal resin canal, respectively. The pine wood nematode was thought to move from ray to tracheid through the large natural opening, window-like pit, in the cross-field, neither through the small natural opening, bordered pit, in the tracheid nor through the tracheid wall by creating a bore hole.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1983

The effects of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, on the growth of the Korean red pine, Pinus densiflora, were examined for the natural forest stands at nine locations: Seocheon-gun, Boryong-gun, and Hongseong-gun in Chooncheongnam-do, where consequence of the infestation had been different. To estimate the economic threshold level of the pine needle gall midge, the growth impacts due to the insect were examined with terminal shoot growth, and cambial growth by analyzing the growth horizontally and vertically. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In general, the growth impacts of the red pine trees were significant for the five consecutive years since damage had occurred, and its maximum retardation was shown in the second and the third years. 2) Simultaneous retardation occurred in both terminal and cambial growth of the tree, probably due to cumulative characteristics of the feeding behaviour. 3) Strong correlation was found between terminal and cambial growth of Korean red pine and this was true for the trees infested by pine needle gall midge. Thus retardation in cambial growth due to the insect may be estimated with that in terminal growth. 4) Infestation was greater on slope facing north than south even though the history of the infestation had been similar. 5) The stem volume of 13-year-old, infested Korean red pine was reduced by more than 75-85%, compared to same aged, uninfected pine in yield table. Thus, much longer period is required to recover the normal growth.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2010

This paper describes the methodology of calculating the internal dose conversion coefficient in order to assess the radiological impact on non-human species. This paper also presents the internal dose conversion coefficients of 25 radionuclides ($^3H,\;^7Be,\;^{14}C,\;^{40}K,\;^{51}Cr,\;^{54}Mn,\;^{59}Fe,\;^{58}Co,\;^{60}Co,\;^{65}Zn,\;^{90}Sr,\;^{95}Nb,\;^{99}Tc,\;^{106}Ru,\;^{129}I,\;^{131}I,\;^{136}Cs,\;^{137}Cs,\;^{140}Ba,\;^{140}La,\;^{144}Ce,\;^{238}U,\;^{239}Pu,\;^{240}Pu$) for domestic seven reference animals (roe deer, rat, frog, snake, Chinese minnow, bee, and earthworm) and one reference plant (pine tree). The uniform isotropic model was applied in order to calculate the internal dose conversion coefficients. The calculated internal dose conversion coefficient (${\mu}Gyd^{-1}$ per $Bqkg^{-1}$) ranged from $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-2}$ according to the type of radionuclides and organisms studied. It turns out that the internal does conversion coefficient was higher for alpha radionuclides, such as $^{238}U,\;^{239}Pu$, and $^{240}Pu$, and for large organisms, such as roe deer and pine tree. The internal dose conversion coefficients of $^{239}U,\;^{240}Pu,\;^{238}U,\;^{14}C,\;^3H$, and $^{99}Tc$ were independent of the organism.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.324-335
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• 2019

Timber from plantation forests has inferior physical and mechanical properties compared to timber from natural forest because it is mostly from fast-growing tree species that are cut at a young age. Filling cell voids with methyl methacrylate (MMA) can improve the wood properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of MMA-impregnated wood from three fast-growing wood species, namely jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.), mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) and pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese). Wood samples were either immersed in MMA monomer or impregnated with it and then heated to induce the polymerization process. Jabon, which was the lowest density wood, had the highest polymer loading, followed by pine and mangium. The physical and mechanical properties of samples were affected by wood species and the presence of MMA, with higher-density wood having better properties than wood with a lower density. Physical and mechanical properties of MMA wood were enhanced compared to untreated wood. Furthermore, the impregnation process was better than immersion process resulting the physical and mechanical properties. Based on MOR values, the MMA woods were one strength class higher compared to untreated wood with regard to Strength Classification of Indonesian Wood.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.108.1-108
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• 2003

Soil metagenome is untapped total microbial genome including that of the majority of unculturable bacteria present in soil. We constructed soil metagenomic library in Escherichia coli using DNA directly extracted from two different soils, pine tree rhizosphere soil and forest topsoil. Metagenomic libraries constructed from pine tree rhizosphere soil and forest topsoil consisted of approximately 33,700 clones and 112,000 clones with average insert DNA size of 35-kb, respectively. Subsequently, we screened the libraries to select clones with antimicrobial activities against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens using double agar layer method. So far, we have a clone active against S. cerevisiae and a clone active against A. tumefaciens from the forest topsoil library. In vitro mutagenesis and DNA sequence analysis of the antifungal clone revealed the genes involved in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolite. Metagenomic libraries constructed in this study would be subject to search for diverse genetic resources related with useful microbial products.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.30-35
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• 2008

Degradation of mechanical properties of fire-killed Korean red pine has been investigated after death in 5 years period. Impact bending absorbed energy was the most sensitive property by elapsed time after forest fire. It is an indication of incipient decay of the wood and can be useful indicator to monitor any change of mechanical property of fire-killed tree after death. Degradation of mechanical properties was more pronounced in sapwood than heartwood. Impact bending absorbed energy was more reduced than any other properties in both sapwood and heartwood, while compressive strength was least impacted by elapsed time after forest fire. It is recommended that the fire-killed Korean red pine can be harvested in one year after the fire for industrial uses by considering decay and consequent changes of mechanical properties.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.329-335
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• 2004

Acid deposition in forest adjacent to the industrial complexes causes soil acidification resulting in the leaching of cations, decreases of buffering capacity and increases of toxic metal concentrations such as Al, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil solution. Changes of nutrient availability equilibria by acid deposition have been known to retard the growth of pine trees. Objective of this research was to assess the critical ratios of Ca/Al and Mg/Al limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii in the hydroponic culture. The Ca concentration and Ca/Al ratio in stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Ca/Al molar ratio in the nutrient solution, but were not changed when the Ca/Al molar ratio was adjusted to greater than 1. Growth of Pinus thunbergii was inhibited at the Ca/Al molar ratio lower than l due to the Ca deficiency. The molar ratios of Ca/Al in the needles of Pinus thunbergii showed the similar tendency with the stalks. This indicated that Ca/Al molar ratio of 1 in the growth media was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii. Concentration of Mg and Mg/Al molar ratios in the stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Mg/Al molar ratio in nutrient solution. Molar ratios of Mg/Al in the needles were increased as increasing Mg/Al ratios in nutrient solution up to 0.83, which was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii.