• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.265-270
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• 2017

Background: Over the years, pine pollens have been excluded as an allergen due to its relatively large size, low protein content, and waxy hydrophobic layer, despite their abundance. However, recent studies suggest the possibilities of pine pollens being allergens, and it has been reported that allergy symptoms were highly prevalent in areas with considerably large pine forests and high possibility of exposure to the pollen. Therefore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the allergenicities of the pollens from the dominant species of Korean pines, red pine (Pinus densiflora), black pine (Pinus thunbergii), and pitch pine (Pinus rigida), in mice. Methods: The protein composition of the pollens from the three pine species was compared via sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The pine pollens and proteins extracted from the pollens were introduced to BALB/c mice by nasal inhalation and application to exposed skin and the IgE produced by the mice were extracted from blood and analyzed via ELISA. Results: SDS-PAGE showed differing protein compositions of the pollens of the three pine species. Analysis of blood IgE compositions showed a similar amount of IgE produced when pollens were applied to skin. In contrast, when mice inhaled the pollens, P. densiflora was shown to induce significantly more IgE production than those of the other two species. Conclusions: The experimental results demonstrate that the pollens of all three South Korean pine species induce IgE production, and this production was more pronounced when the pollens were inhaled than when they were applied to the skin. Of the three species, the pollen of P. densiflora was found to induce the highest level of IgE production.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2000

Soil samples were collected in thirteen Manitoba boreal forest sites. Spatial distribution of chytrids from diverse boreal forest microhabitats was investigated by baiting with jack pine pollen. After baiting, the pollen was surveyed for chytrids for 8 ten day period and individual species were counted. Total infestations of pollen by chytrids ranged from 5.8% to 90.2% from various soils. Each site with high infestation was characterized by litter with high needle content while mineral soil or soil with limited organic matter yielded low levels of pollen infestation. Species diversity tended to be higher in soils with higher pollen infestation and lower in soils with lower pollen infestation. Lower diversity was generally observed in mineral soils or soils with a limited organic horizon comprised, in part, of broad leaf litter. Based on coefficients of association and species in common among species across the collection sites, it was possible to relate dominant species assemblages in site groups. These species assemblages in the site groups suggest that the chytrids are distributed by litter and soil types. It can be concluded that the substratum characteristics of litter types and availability of litter may be important in describing chytrid distribution in boreal forest sites.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.621-625
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• 2019

There is often the risk of confusing pollen grains with helminth eggs from archaeological sites. Thousands to millions of pollen grains can be recovered from archaeological burial sediments that represent past ritual, medication and environment. Some pollen grain types can be similar to parasite eggs. Such a confusion is represented by the diagnosis of enterobiasis in ancient Iran. The authors of this study confused a joint-pine (Ephedra spp.) pollen grain with a pinworm egg. This paper describes the specific Ephedra pollen morphology that can be confused with pinworm eggs.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 1967

In the present experiment the amino acid composition in the pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida and methbolic changes of the composition occurring in germinating pollen were examined by the method of paper chromatography. The results obtained in this study are as follows. 1. The mature pollen of Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida contained 12.00%, 13.19% crude protein respectively and sixteen protein-constituting amino acids and three unknowns were detected on the chromatogram. 2. Main components of the protein-constituting amino acids were leucines, valine, alanine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. 3. The free amino acids such as leucines, valine, tyrosine, alanine and glutamic acid increased evidently during germination of the pine pollen.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.869-875
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 국내산 화분의 가공 및 제품개발에 필요한 기본적인 자료를 제공하기 위하여 국내산 충매화분인 잡화분, 도토리화분, 다래화분, 풍매화분인 송화분과 제품개발시 소재로 이용될 수 있는 각 화분의 물 및 n-핵산 추출물에 대하여 일반성분, 무기질, 아미노산, 지방산, 유리당 조성 및 비타민 등의 성분 분석을 실시 하였다. 일반성분 분석 결과 단백질 함량이 $14.0{\sim}22.3%$로 상당히 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 송화분의 경우 조섬유가 37.5%로 특이하게 많이 함유되어 있었다. 또한 조섬유를 제외한 다른 성분들은 물과 n-핵산 추출시 원료화분으로부터 거의 대부분 추출되어 나오는 것으로 나타났다. 화분 물 추출물에 함유되어 있는 유리당은 주로 fructose, glucose 이었으며 소량의 maltose도 포함되어 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 고형분 100%에 대한 양으로 환산하면 잡화, 도토리, 송화분의 물 추출물 중 3가지 유리당의 총량이 차지하는 비율이 각각 73.6%, 85.4%, 47.7%로 나타나 물 추출물 중 상당부분이 유리당으로 구성되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 잡화, 도토리, 송화분 모두에 K와 P가 가장 많이 함유되어 있고, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn등 여러 종류의 무기질이 골고루 함유되어 있다. 화분에 함유되어 있는 대부분의 무기질은 물 추출에 의해 거의 다 용출되었다. 화분에는 leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, valine, isoleucine, threonine 등의 필수아미노산들이 풍부하게 함유되어 있었다. 비타민 $B_2$는 화분과 화분의 물 추출물에서만 검출되었을 뿐 비타민 $B_1$이나 비타민 C는 검출되지 않았다. 화분에는 linoleic acid나 linolenic acid 같은 필수지방산이 많이 함유되어 있었으며, 송화분을 제외한 나머지 화분들은 전체 지방간 조성 중 불포화 지방산이 차지하는 비율이 모두 50% 이상인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.406-409
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• 2003

다식을 제조하였을 때 어느 정도까지의 저장성이 실제 이용상 문제가 없는지를 알아보고자 실험한 결과는 아래와 같다. 탄력성은 45일까지 실온에 저장하였을 때 저장기간에 따른 차이가 거의 없었다 45일간 저장한 경우 제조 당시보다 응집력이 크게 감소하였으나 저장기간별 간에는 크게 차이가 없었다. 씹힘성은 15일 저장까지는 제조 당시와 차이가 없었으나 30일 이후는 차이가 크게 나타났다. 검성은 저장기간이 지남에 따라 증가하였는데, 15일까지는 제조 당시와 차이가 없었으나 30일부터는 차이가 컸다. 부착력은 시간이 지남에 따라 감소하였는데, 15일 저장까지는 제조당시와 차이가 없는 반면 30일부터는 차이가 있었다. 경도는 시간이 지날수록 계속 증가하였다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2003

직ㆍ간법 변이원과 산화적 돌연변이원에 대한 송화분 추출물의 항돌연변이원성에 대하여 Ames test로 조사하였다. 메탄을 추출물을 이용하여, 10종의 돌연변이에 대한 돌연변이 억제효과를 검색한 결과 S. typhimurium TA98에서는 daunomycin, AFB$_1$과 Trp-P-1의 변이원성에 대해서만 각각 17.8, 82.2, 80.9%의 돌연변이 억제효과를, S. typhimurium TA100에서는 AFB$_1$의 변이원성에 대해서만 72.3%의 돌연변이 억제효과를 나타내었으며, S. typhimurium TA102, 104에서 t-과산화부틸과 $H_2O$$_2$의 돌연변이원성에 대한 메탄을 추출물의 돌연변이 억제 효과는 t-과산화부틸을 돌연변이원으로 한 S. typhimurium TA102에서 16.3%의 억제효과를 선택적으로 나타내었다. 따라서 메탄을 추출물을 클로르포름, 에틸아세테이트, 부탄올, 물 순으로 순차용매 분리한 다음, 이 분획물에 대한 항돌연변이원성을 검색하였다. 그 결과 S. typhimurium TA98에서 daunomycin, AFB$_1$과 Trp-P-1에 대해서 플로로포름 분획물은 각각 55.6, 93.7, 93.5%, 에틸아세테이트 분획물은 각각 11.4, 74.3, 85.2%, 부탄을 분획물에서는 10.9, -5.6, 6.8%, 물 분획물은 각각 -3.4, -3.8, 4.6%의 돌연변이 억제효과를 나타내었다. S. typhimurium TA100에서는 AFB$_1$에 대해 클로로포름 분획물과 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 각각 95.1, 62.5%의 억제효과를 나타내었으며, S. typhimurium TA102에서는 t-과산화부틸에 의해 유도된 산화적 돌연변이에 대해 클로로포름 분획물이 93.6%로 매우 강한 억제효과를 나타내었으며, 기타 분획물에서는 매우 낮은 억제효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2019

The pathological condition of excessive melanogenesis causing freckles, melasma, senile lentigo, pigmented acne scars, and cancer has a critical impact on the wellness of individuals. The mechanism of melanogenesis is related to the expression of melanogenic enzymes. Here, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of pine cone (Pinus densiflora) extracts on melanogenesis. P. densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species in the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. P. densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones are rarely used as natural raw materials, although they contain many bioactive phytochemicals. The pine cone ethyl acetate fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to B16F10 cells at a concentration of less than $100{\mu}g/mL$. PEF inhibited the expression of microphthalmiaassociated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related factors in B16F10 cells treated with 3-Isobutyl1-methylxanthine (IBMX). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural melanogenesis inhibitory agent.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.119-119
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• 2019

Pinus densiflora, the Korean Red Pine, is the predominant tree species of the cool, temperate forests of northeast Asia, occurring in pure stands across Korea, Japan, and parts of northern China and Russia. Pinus densiflora leaves, pollen, and bark have been widely used for traditional medicine, or edible purposes. However, pine cones contain many bioactive phytochemicals, but they are rarely used as natural raw materials. This study was conducted to evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of pine cone extracts and its possbility of natural sources were evaluated. Pine cones were extracted with 80% methanol, concentrated and then partitioned with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was used as a sample. The Pine cone Ethyl acetate Fraction (PEF) showed no toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of less than $50{\mu}g/ml$. PEF inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Also, It suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transcription of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$). These results suggest that pine cones can be used as an effective natural material for anti-inflammatory agent.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 2001년도 한국생물과학협회 학술발표대회
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• pp.152.3-152
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• 2001

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