• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 1980

채종원(採種園)에서 18년생(年生) 접목묘(接木苗)인 슬래쉬 소나무를 대상(對象)으로 하여, 구과형성(毬果形成)과 가지의 형태학적(形態學的)인 상관관계(相關關係)를 조사했다. 춘기(春期)에 조사한 지당(枝當) 자화수(雌花數)와 상관관계가 가장 큰 것은 전년도(前年度) 신초지(新梢枝)의 지당(枝當) 엽중량(葉重量)이었다. ($R^2=+0.41$). 웅화수(雄花數)는 신초지(新梢枝)의 엽중량(葉重量)과 부(負)의 상관(相關)을 보여주었다. ($R^2=-0.21$). 웅화(雄花)에서 자화(雌花)로의 성전환(性轉換)은 그 가지의 생장력(生長力)(vigor)이 증가함에 따라서 촉진(促進)되었다. 자화(雌花)가 거의 착화(着花)되지 않는 개체목(個体木)의 토부수관(土部樹冠)에서 채취(採取)한 정아(頂芽)와, 자화(雌花)나 웅화(雄花)가 대량(大量)으로 착화(着花)한 개체(個体)의 정아(頂芽)로, 유관속 조직의 생장(生長)을 비교(比較)한 결과, 전자(前者)가 후자(後者)보다 훨씬 빨랐으며, 이는 자화(雌花)를 생산(生産)하지 않는 정아(頂芽)는 강(强)한 영양생장(營養生長)의 경향(傾向)을 나타냄을 뒷받침하는 것이다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was designed to evaluate changes in the terpene composition of 3 types of pines (Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii and Pinus rigida), while decomposing their leaf litter. Needle litters were placed at two different organic layer depths, one on the surface and the other beneath the litter layer. Changes in the terpene composition of this litter were detected using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the monoterpenes acquired from the fresh needles of P. densiflora and P. rigida, $\alpha$-pinene (12.05% and 19.87%, respectively) was the major one, followed by $\beta$-pinene (2.90% and 14.07%). However, from the needles of P. thunbergii, $\beta$-pinene (20.77%) was the major one, followed by $\alpha$-pinene (10.79%). Among the sesquiterpenes detected in P. densiflora, trans-caryophyllene (3.12%) was the highest composition compound, whereas germacrene-D (6.09%) for P. thunbergii and 1,6-cyclodecadiene (7.41%) and endo-1-bourbonanol (7.41%) for P. rigida were the highest content compounds. However, the total amounts of terpenes decreased sharply by 40-85.4% in all three types of pine needle after 90-120 days of the experiment. The concentration of each terpene differed during decomposition, and the majority of compounds disappeared from beneath the litter layer. It was determined that three types of reducing patterns of each compound appeared on the rate of loss of concentration during decomposition; one pattern decreasing sharply during the initial period, another pattern steadily or slowly decreasing, and a newly detected pattern at low concentration occurring during decomposition.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.329-335
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• 2004

Acid deposition in forest adjacent to the industrial complexes causes soil acidification resulting in the leaching of cations, decreases of buffering capacity and increases of toxic metal concentrations such as Al, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil solution. Changes of nutrient availability equilibria by acid deposition have been known to retard the growth of pine trees. Objective of this research was to assess the critical ratios of Ca/Al and Mg/Al limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii in the hydroponic culture. The Ca concentration and Ca/Al ratio in stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Ca/Al molar ratio in the nutrient solution, but were not changed when the Ca/Al molar ratio was adjusted to greater than 1. Growth of Pinus thunbergii was inhibited at the Ca/Al molar ratio lower than l due to the Ca deficiency. The molar ratios of Ca/Al in the needles of Pinus thunbergii showed the similar tendency with the stalks. This indicated that Ca/Al molar ratio of 1 in the growth media was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii. Concentration of Mg and Mg/Al molar ratios in the stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Mg/Al molar ratio in nutrient solution. Molar ratios of Mg/Al in the needles were increased as increasing Mg/Al ratios in nutrient solution up to 0.83, which was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권7호
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• pp.3293-3297
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• 2014

Background: Pine needle oil from crude extract of pine needles has anti-tumor effects, but the effective component is not known. Methods: In the present study, compounds from a steam distillation extract of pine needles were isolated and characterized. Alpha-pinene was identified as an active anti-proliferative compound on hepatoma carcinoma BEL-7402 cells using the MTT assay. Results: Further experiments showed that ${\alpha}$-pinene inhibited BEL-7402 cells by arresting cell growth in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, downregulating Cdc25C mRNA and protein expression, and reducing cycle dependence on kinase 1(CDK1) activity. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings indicate that ${\alpha}$-pinene may be useful as a potential anti-tumor drug.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.337-352
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• 1999

The effects of dried leaf powders and ethanol extract of persimmon, green tea and pine needle on lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative activity were investigated in rats. Forty-nine male Spargue-Dawley rats weighing 107.8$\pm$1.8g were blocked into seven groups according to body weight. Rats were raised for four weeks with diets containing either 5%(w/w) dried leaf powders of one of three different Korea traditional teas, persimmon(Diospyros kaki Thunb), green tea(Camellia Sinensis O.Ktzc)or pine needle(pinus Koreansis Sieb. Et Zucc), or ethanol from equal amounts of each dried tea powder. Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and weights of liver, kidney and epididymal fat were significantly higher in the green-tea-powder group, and significantly lower in the pine-needle-powder and pine-needle-extract groups. Persimmon-leaf powder was found to decrease plasma total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol concentration by increasing fecal total lipid triglyceride and cholesterol excretions. Liver cholesterol concentration was significantly lower in the green-tea and pine-needle-extract groups. Red-blood-cell superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-px) activities were significantly increased in rats fed green-tea extract. Liver SOD activity was increased in rats fed pine-needle powder or extract, and liver GSH-px activity was increased in rats fed greentea powder. Plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) concentration were both decreased in rats fed dried leaf posers or extracts of persimmon or green tea. It is believed that high vitamin E levels in persimmon leaf, and high flavonoid, beta-carotene and vitamin C levels in green tea effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, persimmon and green tea leaves were effective in lowering lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in animal tissue, while pine needles were effective and lowering body weight gain. From these results, persimmon and green tea leaves can be recommended in the treatment and prevention of chronic discorders such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and aging. As ethanol extracts from these teas were also effecitive in lowering tissue lipid levels and inhibiting lipid peroxidation, we recommend the use of discarded tea grounds for this.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.556-562
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• 2013

The blueberry eco-friendly farming requires the soil condition of pH 4.2 ~ 5.2 and high in organic matters for stable growth. Most of soil types of blueberry-growing land in Korea, however, belongs to alkaline soils with low organic matter content. As a result, the eco-friendly blueberry growers use peat moss and sulfur powder heavily to improve the soil condition, but the guideline on the effective use of organic materials was not established yet. Therefore, this sturdy was performed to investigate the effect of increasing soil acidity and organic matters by using organic materials. Among 5 organic materials, the pH of soil was lowest in degradable sulfur + bentonite (pH 4.1) and followed by Peat moss+Chaff+Pine Needlesmixtures(pH 4.5), OrganicAcid +vinegar (pH 4.7), Sulfur powder (pH 4.8), Temperature response Elutioner (pH 5.2). The soil organic matter content were increased in the following order: Peat moss+Chaff+Pine Needlesmixtures (8.4%) > degradable sulfur + bentonite (7.8%) > Organic Acid + vinegar (7.2%) > Sulfur powder ${\fallingdotseq}$ Temperature response Elutioner (6.3%). Although different in the degree, all organic materials treated was recognized a good material for improving soil pH and organic matter content. The plant height and stem diameter of blueberry were no clear difference among 5 organic materials. Another study was carried out to investigate amending soils with organic matter by soil mulching with pine needles for soil surface management in blueberry organic cultivation. The effect of increasing the soil pH by pine needle mulching in blueberry eco-friendly farming was recognized in four test fields. Pine needle mulching for soil surface management in blueberry appeared several advantages, such as improving of soil pH and organic matter content. Therefore, pineneedle mulching in blueberry organic farming is considered as the most efficient means of mulching cultivation for amending soil pH, weed suppression and moisture conservation among mulching materials.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.395-400
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• 2019

4차 산업혁명시대인 현대사회는 뷰티산업에 대한 뜨거운 관심 속에 새로운 기술 개발을 통한 화학 소재의 화장품 출시가 줄을 이으면서 화장품산업이 호황을 누리고 있지만 화학 화장품에 대한 안구 건조증, 피부 트러블, 소화 장애, 호르몬 교란 등 수 많은 부작용들이 노출되고 있는 실정이다. 이와 같이 인체에 유해(有害)한 기존 화학성분 화장품의 부작용을 보완할 수 있는 솔잎의 천연화장품 소재로서의 범용적(汎用的) 활용가치를 과학적으로 검증하고 바람직한 천연화장품의 롤 모델을 제시하고자 솔잎에 대한 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성실험, ABTS assay, flavonoid 함량을 연구하였다. 실험 결과 $70^{\circ}C$와 $100^{\circ}C$ 솔잎 열수(熱水) 추출물은 DPPH radical과 ABTS radical 소거능 모두 농도 의존적인 증가가 나타났으며 $70^{\circ}C$와 $100^{\circ}C$의 솔잎 열수 추출물에서 각각 $32.0{\pm}2.5mg\;QE/ml$와 $116.8{\pm}5.5mg\;QE/ml$의 총 flavonoid가 검출되었다. 따라서 인체에 이로운 항산화물이 다량 검출된 솔잎 열수 추출물은 인체에 무해(無害)한 천연화장품의 소재로서 활용 가능성이 매우 높다고 사료한다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2010

Atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations have increased exponentially over the last century and, if continued, are expected to have significant effects on plants and soil. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevated $CO_2$ on the growth of Pinus densiflora seedling and microbial activity in soil. Three-year-old pine seedlings were exposed to ambient as well as elevated levels of $CO_2$ (380 and 760 ppmv, respectively). Growth rates and C:N ratios of the pine seedlings were also determined. Dissolved organic carbon content, phenolic compound content, and microbial activity were measured in bulk soil and rhizosphere soil. The results show that elevated $CO_2$ significantly increased the root dry weight of pine seedling. In addition, overall N content decreased, which increased the C:N ratio in pine needles. Elevated $CO_2$ decreased soil moisture, nitrate concentration, and the concentration of soil phenolic compounds. In contrast, soil enzymatic activities were increased in rhizosphere soil, including ${\beta}$-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase and phosphatase enzyme activities. In conclusion, elevated $CO_2$ concentrations caused distinct changes in soil chemistry and microbiology.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

This study was to examine growth, carbon and nitrogen responses in foliage following forest fertilization in a red pine stand. Two types of fertilizer (N:P:K=113:150:37 kg $ha^{-1}$; P:K=150:37 kg $ha^{-1}$) were applied on late April 2011. Growth, carbon and nitrogen responses of foliage were monitored 3 times (July, September, November) after fertilization. Morphological growth responses (dry mass, leaf area, specific leaf area) with foliage age were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by fertilizer application, while needle dry mass and leaf area of July were significantly lower in current-year-old than in one-year-old or two-year-old needles of September or November. Carbon concentration and content in foliage was little affected by fertilizer application compared with sampling month or needle age, while the NPK fertilizer produced high nitrogen concentration and content of foliage. The results indicate that nitrogen concentration and content in foliage may serve as an indicator of the nitrogen status by fertilization in a red pine stand.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.40-44
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• 1968

1. 가해기(加害期) 충영내(虫癭內) 솔잎혹파리유충(幼虫)은 7월초순(月初旬)부터 서서히 자라며 9월(月)부터는 급격(急激)히 자라난다. 2. 가해기간중(加害期間中)의 충영내(虫癭內) 솔잎혹파리 유충수(幼虫數)는 감소(減少)되지 않는다. 3. 솔잎혹파리의 피해엽(被害葉)은 충영(虫癭)이 형성(形成)되기 시작하면 길이 생장(生長)이 정지(停止)된다. 4. 서울지방(地方)에서 솔잎혹파리를 편제(騙除)하기 위한 하기(夏期) 벌채(伐採)는 종한시기(終限時期) 9월(月)20일경(日頃)이며 이 때의 유충체장(幼虫體長)은1.4~1.5mm이다. 5. 수관(樹冠)의 층위별(層位別) 방향별(方向別) 신초(新梢)의 길이별(別)에 따른 솔잎혹파리의 피해(被害)는 차이(差異)가 없으며 수령(樹令)과 산복위치(山腹位置)에 따라 피해도(被害度)의 차이(差異)가 있다.