• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.298-302
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• 2011

This study developed a pigment by doping Cr to Pyrochlore-type stannate crystals and investigated the chromogenic relationship in a glaze. Crystal phases of the pigment according to firing temperatures were analyzed by XRD, and the doping relationship was analyzed by Raman Spectroscopy. Color and reflection rate of the pigment were measured by UV-vis Spectrophotometer. Consequently, stannate characteristic band appeared at 307, 408, 505 and $755cm^{-1}$ until 0.1 mole substitution of $Cr_2O_3$. However, as amount of $Cr_2O_3$ increased, the stannate characteristic peak was decreased and shift happened at the left hand side due to Cr-dope. In composition of 0.12~0.14 mole substituted, the unreacted $Cr_2O_3$ stannate characteristic peak, which was not engaged, was shown. This result shows the maximum limit of solid solution was 0.1 mole $Cr_2O_3$. The color of the glaze, which was produced by adding 6 wt% of $Y_2Sn_{1.94}Cr_{0.06}O_7$ pigment in a lime or a lime-magnesia glaze and fired the mixture at $1260^{\circ}C$, was grayish pink with $L^*$ 70.29, $a^*$ 5.68 and $b^*$ 6.27. It showed gray with $L^*$ 68.82, $a^*$ 3.07and $b^*$ 8.13 for $Y_2Sn_{1.9}Cr_{0.1}O_7$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.27-36
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• 1973

The effect of water activity on degradation of pigments in dried lavers, Porphyra tenera Kjellm. was examined when stored at room temperature for fifty days. Chlorophyll pigment was extracted with methanol-petroleum ether mixture solvent(2:1 v/v), partitioned in ether, and analysed spectrophotometrically at 662 nm as chlorophyll a. The degradation products of chlorophyll were isolated on sugar-starch column(85:15 w/w) with n-propanol-petroleum ether solution(1:200 v/v) as a developing solvent. The isolated green colored zones were analysed individually at the wavelengths of 650, 662, and 667 nm as allomerized product, chlorophyll a retained, and pheophytin formed respectively. Carotenoida were also extracted with the methanol mixture solvent, partitioned in ether, and finally redissolved in acetone after the evaporation of ether in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The total carotenoid content was measured as lutein at 450 nm. From the results, it is noted that the rate of chlorophyll degradation reached a minimum at 0.11 to 0.33 water activity while progressively increased at higher moisture levels resulting in rapid conversion of chlorophyll to pheophytin. At lower activity, autocatalysed oxidizing reaction like allomerization seemed prevailing the acid catalysed conversion reaction. The loss of carotenoid pigment was also greatly reduced at the range of 0.22 to 0.34 water activity with much faster oxidative degradation at both higher and extremely lower moisture levels. These two moisture levels indicated above at which the both pigments exhibited maximum stability are considerably higher than the BET monolayer moisture which appeared 7.91 percent on dry basis at Aw=0.10 calculated from the adsorption isothermal data of the sample at $20^{\circ}C$. The rate of pigment loss in heat treated samples at 60 and $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours prior to storage somewhat decreased, particularly at higher moisture levels although the final pigment retention was not much stabilized.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.808-811
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• 2001

Performance of pilot plant scale extraction and concentration of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanin pigment was tested and the characteristics of pigment extracts and concentrates were investigated. Fifty kilograms of purple-fleshed sweet potato was extracted with 500 L of 1% citric acid in 20% ethanol. As a whole, extraction pattern of the large scale extraction was similar to that of the laboratory scale extraction. The extracted pigment solution was filtered twice with a bag filter and a winding type microfilter and the filtrate was concentrated by a large scale vacuum evaporator at $40^{\circ}C$ and 600 mmHg vac. The mean values of total optical density (TOD) of the extract and the concentrate were 6.53 and 120.45, respectively. Browning index (BI) and Degradation index (DI) of extract were 5.86 and 1.55 and those of concentrate were 5.89 and 1.56, respectively, which indicated that the pigments were not changed or degraded through the extraction and concentration process.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2004

Carbon black have not been used as pigment material in cosmetic because of very low density and dispersity, but carbon black have applicable character as black pigment because of non-toxic, stable physico-chemical property, and black colority. In this study, mesoporous silica samples were synthesized by sol-gel reaction using surfactants-template method; TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) - a) PEO/lecithin, b) PEO/polyethylene glycol, c) lecithin/polyethylene glycol in ethanol/water solution. Synthesized organic-inorganic hybrid - silica were heat-treated in N2 condition at 500$^{\circ}C$. Mesoporous silica with black carbon in pore have the effective density and show the good dispersity in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvent. Properties of the samples were measured; specific surface area (750㎡/g) and pore size (4-6nm) using BET, pore structure (cylindrical type) using XRD, morphology (spherical powder with 0.1-0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$ partical size) of the samples using SEM. Carbon-silica black color applied to mascara, it shows a dark black colority and good dispersity as compared with the general black color titania pigment. Moreover, it is possible to control the density of black color pigment because it is possible to control pore volume and particle size of mesoporous silica properly. It show the good volume effects in mascara. That is why possible to apply all kinds of cosmetic products.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.115-121
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• 2000

Although there are high concentrations of zinc and taurine in ocular tissue, their exact role and correlation in the visual process are not clear. The purpose of present study was to clarity this point using electroretinogram (ERG) recording and spectrophotometer measurements before and after zinc and taurine treatment in bullfrog's eye. The optimal zinc concentration used in this study was 10$^{-2}$ M ZnCl$_2$120 ${mu}ell$/12$m\ell$ ringer solution while the optimal turine concentration was 10$^{-2}$ M taurine 12${mu}ell$/12$m\ell$ ringer solution. For the effects of zinc and taurine on the retinal function, the changes of ERG parameters (especially threshold and b-wave) and absorption spectra were observed before and after treatment. It is noteworthy that high concentrations of zinc and taurine present in the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina. Our results indicate that dark-adapted ERG threshold became elevated and the peak amplitude of b-wave was increased with zinc and taurine treatment. Furthermore there are some synergism effects between zinc and taurine as a result of co-treatment. In spectral scan, absorbance increment due to zinc and taurine treatment was shown over the whole range of spectral range (300-750 nm) with some differences in absorbance increment depending on the case of treatment. As the results of above we believe that zinc and taurine, which are abundant in the retinal pigment epithelium and the retina particularly, may be essential factors for visual process, have some synergism with each other and be required to improve the visual sensitivity during visual adaptation.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.167-173
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• 1998

Having silk dyed with some pigment extracted from the skin of an onion, examined the change of color by time and frequency of dyeing and a mordanted cloth, and the antibiosis of a dyed cloth and a mordanted cloth. The result of this were as follows ; 1. The pigment of an onion was easily extracted in the hot water of $40^{\circ}C$ and much more extracted as the temperature of water rises($70^{\circ}C$). 2. As a result of dyeing it by the change of time, 30minutes, 60minutes, 90minutes and the frequency of dyeing, once, twice, three times after filtering the extracted solution, the one dyed three times for 30minutes was the best. 3. The difference of color of a mordanted cloth was the highest in the mordant of $SnCl_2\;2H_2O$ on the basis of the value of L of the non-mordant dyed three times. 4. The mordant of copper sulfate was proved to have the highest antibiosis in the antibiosis of a dyed cloth and a mordanted cloth, and it was proved that the pigment of the skin of an onion had excellent antibiosis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.417-421
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• 2006

In this study, colloidal Ag solution was spouted on the surface of the inorganic pigment using the hybridizer system and the spray nozzle. Then, the surface of the inorganic pigment was modified by titanium dioxide in order to possess antibacterial ability. Nano-sized colloidal Ag was made by using a seed sol method in this study. It was confirmed that the size of particle per unit weight becomes enlarged, as the addition of $AgNO_{3}$ increased, and as the time of reaction increased, in the manufacturing process of nano-sized colloidal Ag. The antibacterial measurement of the inorganic pigment showed that the growth of fungus was reduced as the reaction time increased. It was measured that the antibacterial activity was excellent at fixed time frame, after the antibacterial ability appeared in $5{\sim}7$ hours of the antibacterial inoculation experiment. The experiment of titanium dioxide's Photocatalyst effect showed $60{\sim}70%$ efficiency in about 80 minute reaction time of the dissolution results regarding measurements of benzene. It was shown that more than 90% of the dissolution efficiency was achieved in the reaction time of about 30 minute.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.586-591
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• 2014

In this study, the diarylide compound pigment of high hiding power and vivid color was synthesized successfully by controlling several factors such as pH, coupler solution temperature, kind and addition amount of dispersion precursor, and crystallization temperature in the process of coupling synthesis. The properties of samples were measured by the means of FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, PSA, zeta potential, and turbiscan. It was found that the highly dispersive sample could be prepared by introducing the dispersive precursor.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.280-289
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• 2016

Silica microgel was prepared by sol-gel process and then functional groups, epoxy group and ethoxy group, were introduced on the particle by coupling treatment with 3-glysidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The functional silica microgel(functional SiGel) formation was identified using FT-IR spectrometry. Phase stability for DMF solution of functional SiGel, PU resin and pigment was evaluated by Turbiscan Lab. And physical properties of artificial suede including hand values, morphology and dyeing fastness were investigated. The mean particle size and the specific surface area of the functional SiGel were $0.77{\mu}m$ and $380m^2/g$. Mixture containing the functional SiGel, PU resin and pigment was more stable than the functional SiGel-free mixed solution. Artificial suede prepared by the functional SiGel had appearance and feeling close to natural suede. The migration fastness, the solvent wicking fastness and rubbing fastness of the artificial suede were enhanced to 4~5 grades, 4~5 grades and 3~4 grades, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.14
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• pp.133-144
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to investigate the absorbance of the Shikonin, one of the major purple pigments, and the stability against the effect of light, $O_2$, and temperature. The effect of mordant and mordanting condition to color and color-fastness is compared and analysed through the color-fastness-test, color-difference value-test, and IR-test. The results were as follows; 1. The absorbance of Shikonin was examinated through 6 kinds of solutions and distilled water. Shikonin was absorbed by solutions rather easily than distilled water. 2. The light effect to Shikonin indicated that the solution with the light was more stable than that without it. 3. The effect of $O_2$ to Shikonin showed that the solution with the $O_2$ was more stable that without it $O_2$. 4. Shikonin -methyl alcohol solution was stable in $25^{\circ}C$. It was unstable in $60^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ with lowered absorbance and changed colors. 5. Color-fastness test to silk and cotton indicated washing color-fastness and perspiration color-fastness was more than 3 grade. But the light color-fastness and crocking color-fastness was low. 6. The comparison between non -colored sample and colored-sample showed the latter was better in fastness. 7. Mordant as $Alk(SO_4)_2{\cdot}24H_2O$ and $AlCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$ was better than anything else in fastness. 8. Color-difference value-test indicated that the mordant which had the jade green color, the original purple pigment color, was the best in use. 9. The best way to extract the original purple pigment color was in $25^{\circ}C$, because extracted dyeing solution by Soxhlet had the bluish color.