• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to investigate differences in the sensitizing potential of Rhus Veniciflua(Rhus-II), when tested by the guinea pig maximization test(GPMT) and Freund's complete adjuvant test(FCAT) with an identical, intradermal induction concentration. A new grading classification of the sensitization potential is proposed. The GPMT was conducted according to OECD guideline $\#406$, using a multiple-dose design and test results were analysed with logistic regression analysis. During the induction stage, we injected intradermally each three site 0.1 ml(l mg/animal) test material, 0.1 ml complete Freund's adjuvant and 0.lml the test agent emulsified in the adjuvant. 7 days later, we induced weak sensitization with $10\%$ sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) and applide 1ml(l0mg/animal) test agent topically on the same site and made a tight occlusion. 14 days later we challenged with 1 ml(l 0mg/animal) of test material on the flank and observed ant 24 hours and 48 hours later. The results were also observed $0\%$ at 24 hours challenge. The results observed 48 hours after challenge were the identical. These data indicated that, although Rhus-II is a no contact allergen. It was reported that the skin sensitization by Rhus-II was not detected the skin sensitization in the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). Consequently, it was confirmed that Rhus-II had no contact allergic sensitization in guinea pig maximization test.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.562-567
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• 1994

Now para-phenylenediamine(PPDA) is generally used as component of most hairdyes because it can be used more conveniently and effectively than the others. But PPDA become known to cause side effects such as skin sensitization, contact dermatitis and eye irritation. So this study was done to restudy the safety of hairdyes containing PPDA. The results of experiment were as follows. 1. As a result of primary skin irritation test and eye irritation test in white rabbits, the solution containing 5% PPDA(in saline) were classified as weak irritant but four kinds of commercial hairdyes containing PPDA were proved not to have any irritation. 2. As a result of skin sensitization test in guinea pig, four kinds of commercial hairdyes were classified as Calss I(week irritant) but three kinds of commercial hairdyes induced skin sensitization for guinea pig to 5% in test groups. These results indicate that the actual toxicity of commercial hairdyes(four kinds) is negligible. But based on the results of experiment, it is thought that there is possibility of some commercial hairdyes to induce skin sensititization.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2015

방사선 노출에 따른 피부손상의 기본이론들은 정립되어 있지만, 정확한 기전에 관해서는 알려지지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 감마선 조사 후 용량 및 시간에 따라 돼지 피부의 장애를 육안 및 조직학적인 변화를 통해 평가하고 cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 발현 정도를 비교하고자 하였다. 미니돼지의 등 쪽 피부에 20-70 Gy 감마선을 국소조사 후 12 주 동안 육안적인 변화를 관찰하고 생검을 통해 조직학적인 변화를 관찰하였다. 방사선 조사 후 피부의 기저세포층에서의 세포자멸사와 표피층의 두께 변화를 평가하였고 COX-2 발현 정도를 면역염색을 통하여 비교하였다. 방사선 조사 후 피부 장애는 용량이 증가할수록 피부손상이 더욱 심하였으며 초기에 발적 소견을 보이다가 50 Gy 이상 조사군에서는 미란과 궤양으로 이어졌다. 조직학적인 변화는 육안적인 소견과 일치하였다. 방사선 조사 후 3일부터 기저세포에서 세포자멸사가 관찰되었으며 기저세포수의 감소가 유발되었으며 이러한 변화는 용량이 증가할수록 더욱 증가하였다. 방사선 조사 후 표피층의 두께는 3일 무렵에 일시적으로 증가하다가 점차 감소하였으며 20, 30, 40 Gy 조사 군에서는 다시 회복되는 소견이 관찰되었으나 50, 70 Gy 조사 군에서는 다시 회복되지 못하고 표피창의 두께 소실을 보였다. 방사선 조사 후 피부에서의 COX-2 발현은 피부손상정도와 일치하게 관찰되었다. 방사선 조사 후 COX-2 발현은 방사선의 용량이 증가할수록 발현이 증가하였고 시간이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 이러한 조직학적인 변화와 함께 방사선 손상을 일으키는 신호전달에 관여하는 COX-2 발현이 방사선조사 용량에 비례하여 증가하며 이러한 단백질의 발현은 피부손상과 관련성이 높은 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.275-278
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• 2006

A 7-month-old brown pig with a discoid and pedunculate mass measuring $14.0{\times}12.5{\times}2.5cm$ on the skin of the right shoulder was noted at the slaughter house in Jeju. The surface of mass approximately $7{\times}4cm$ was interfaced with skin. The color of mass with firm consistency was mainly black and partially white on cut surface. Histopathologically, numerous unencapsulated endocrine-like cellular nodules of epithelioid cell type with abundant intracytoplasmic black pigment, melanin, were occupied in dermis and subcutis. Most of nodules in deep dermis were surrounded by lightly pigmented spindle cells and loose fibrous tissues. Mitotic figures were infrequently observed. The overlying epidermis was hyperplastic due to the down-growth of rete peg. Based on the gross and histopathologic findings, this case was diagnosed as cutaneous melanoma. In our best knowledge, this is the first case of swine cutaneous melanoma in Korea.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 1992년도 자외선 차단 화장품의 SPF에 관한 심포지움(대한화장품학회)
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• pp.5-26
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• 1992

Many methods of in vitro SPF evaluation have been developed in order to measure SPF of sunscreen products. In this study, we compared two spectrophotometric in vitro measurements using the skin cast made of Luviset CAP- $X^{R}$ resin and Transpor $e^{R}$ tape as substrate with two in vivo measurements using guinea pig and human. And we also observed the radiation reaching on the earth's surface in Seoul for one year and the change of the primary skin irritancy along the change of SPF value. According to the our research, the first, in vivo measurement using guinea pig had the close agreement with SPF measurement using human and showed the tendancy that guinea pig SPF was lower than human SPF. The second, there was the good relationship between in vitro SPF by using Transpor $e^{R}$ tape and in vivo SPF, and it is possible to predict human SPF from Protection Index(PI) by using tape. The third, it is thought that SPE 20 is reasonable value because of UV intensity in Seoul and the primary skin irritancy of higher SPF than 25. So we propose that it is important to distinguish the sunscreen product having higher than approximate 25 from the category of general cosmetics including lower SPF sunscreen product.oduct.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.129-139
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• 1991

Preventive effect of red ginseng saponin on experimentally-induced hyperkeratosis was investigated by ultrastructural observation, skin weight and epidermal lipid analysis. Hexadecane increased skin weight per unit area and epidermal lipids, free fatty acids, cholesterol and triglyceride in guinea pig skin. Topical application of ginseng saponin reduced these hyperkeratotic responses regradless of the concentration and the purity of ginseng saponin. Ultrastructurally, lipids and empty space-containing multiple horny cells were piled and nuclear remnants, desmosome, desmosomal bodies, tight junction were shown in the stratum corneum of hexadecane-treated skin.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1998

To evaluate immunotoxicity of skin decontamination kit(SDK) newly-developed in Agency for Defense Development(ADD), delayed contact hypersensitivity (maximization) test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) test of SDK were performed and the results were compared with those of M 291. In maximization test, sensitization reaction was induced by id injection (2.5 mg / 0.1 $\textrm{m}{\ell}$/ guinea pig or 2.5 mg+CFA/0.1 $\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig) and topical application (2.5 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig) with SDK or M291 at an interval of 1 week, and 2 weeks later, challenged by topical application with 25 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$/guinea pig. SDK and M291 did not induce any reactions, showing 0 point of sensitization score and 0% of sensitization rate. In conclusion, it is suggested that SDK and M291 do not induce delayed contact hypersensitivity. In PCA test, rats were administered id with mouse anti-SDK serum and challenged iv with a mixture of antigen SDK and Evan's blue. SDK did not induce blue spots at the injection sites of both high (2.5 mg/mouse) and low (1.25 mg/mouse) dose-induced antisera. In contrast, BSA, positive control produced spots larger than 5 mm in diameter at the injection sites of BSA-induced antiserum up to $2^2$ ~ $2^4$dilution. In conclusion, it is suggested that SDK do not induce IgE production and is not a PCA-reaction inducer.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.249-256
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• 2017

In this study, we evaluated the potential of 70% ethanol extract from Persicaria nepalensis (PNE) as a cosmetic ingredient by primary skin irritation, ocular irritation, and maximization tests for delayed hypersensitivity in New Zealand white rabbits and Hartley guinea pig. Skin safety study was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of PNE using the primary irritation test. In the primary irritation test, 50% PNE was applied to the skin, and no adverse reactions such as erythema and edema were observed at the intact skin sites. Therefore, PNE was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on a primary irritation index of "0.0.". In the ocular irritation test, the 50% PNE applied did not show any adverse reactions in the different parts of rabbit eyes, including the cornea, iris, and conjunctiva. Thus, PNE was classified as a practically non-irritating material based on an acute ocular irritation index of "0.0.". Skin sensitization was tested by the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA) using an intradermal injection of 10% PNE. Edema and erythema were not observed 24 and 48 h after the topical application of PNE in skin sensitization test, which exhibited a sensitization score of "0.0.". Therefore, it can be suggested that P. nepalensis could be used as potential candidates for cosmoceutical ingredients, without any major side effects.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.108-114
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• 1997

The skin permeation study has two meanings in cosmetics. One is how to promote the skin permeation of active meterials for improving their bioavailabilities and the other is how to decrease it of irritants for reducing their skin side effects. In this study, we selected methyl paraben, one of the preservatives, as a model irritant and tried to reduce the skin irritation by the decrease of skin permeation. Furthermore, the relationship between skin permeation and skin primary irritation was discussed. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz type diffusion cells and the excised skin of female hairless mouse from 8 weeks old were used. The donor compartment was charged with oil only or O/W emulsion containing 0.3% MP. We selected 19 oils, including esters, triglycerides, plant oils, hydrocarbons, and alchols, which are broadly used in cosmetics. We evaluated with female guinea pig. The skin permeahility of MP from the oils showed following order: ester oils > triglycerides > plant oils > hydrocarbons > alcohols. We considered that this result was based on the different effect of each oil on the barrier function of stratum corneum. In O/W emulsion containing each oil, the skin permeability of MP decreased as the oil/water partition coefficient of MP increased. The skin primary irritation increased as the skin permeability of MP increased. In conclusion, we suggest that the skin irritation could be reduced by the decrease of skin permeability of MP, which may be obtained by the good selection of oils in cosmetic preparations.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2012

상백피 추출물의 연구결과로는 항산화효과, 미백, 주름개선 등의 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었으나 화장품원료로 사용하기 위한 피부자극, 감작연구는 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 guinea pig를 이용하여 피부 자극시험을 평가한 결과 OXY 및 OXY-3 처리군 모두에서 P.I.I 수치 0.5 이하에 해당하는 비자극성으로 판정되었다. 또한 GPMT법을 이용한 피부감작 시험 평가 결과 OXY 및 OXY-3 처리군 모두에서 발적, 홍반, 부종 등이 전혀 관찰되지 않았고, 반응의 빈도도 0%로 나타나 알러지 유발능이 없는 것으로 판명되었다. 결론적으로, 본 시험조건하에서 guinea pig에 대한 상백피 유래 미백성분들은 1% 이하의 농도에서 사용시 무자극성이며 면역반응에 의한 감작성 부작용을 유발하지 않는 것으로 판단되므로 1% 이하의 시료 물질을 화장품 원료 등에 적용시 약물에 의한 피부 자극성 및 면역반응에 의한 피부 감작성 부작용이 나타날 가능성은 비교적 낮을 것으로 판단된다.