• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2018

This study was intended to provide basic data for more ecological and systematic preservation and management planning of forest vegetations in the Baekdudaegan sector between Danmoknyeong and Guryongnyeong where biodiversity is considered to be very important. A vegetation survey using the Zurich-Montpellier (Z.-M.) method of phytosociology was carried out in a total 142 sites to examine the environmental characteristics. The survey showed the forest vegetation types of one community group, two communities, four groups, and four subgroups. Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudosieboldianum, which fall under Constancy Class V, were dominant species and deemed to be the key species of the forest ecosystem management plan for the investigated areas. Regarding species diversity, it was found that the dominant species of the VT3 type were evenly distributed in the area while the species of the VT4 type showed not only a diverse composition but also the most abundant number of species. Moreover, there were 24 of rare plants found in the Danmoknyeong-Guryongnyeong section: the critically endangered species include Dracocephalum rupestre; the endangered species include Saxifraga octopetala; the vulnerable species include Paeonia japonica, Euphorbia fauriei, Hanabusaya asiatica, and Parasenecio pseudotaimingasa; the least concern species include Aristolochia manshuriensis, Rodgersia podophylla, Salvia chanryoenica, Scopolia japonica, and Parasenecio firmus.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.185-202
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• 2018

Many ecological studies regarding forest succession, which is the process of arriving at climax forest through ecological changes, have suggested that Carpinus laxiflora is the leading tree type of the climax forest of temperate zone in South Korea. However, most of these studies on C. laxiflora forest have focused on vegetation structure and succession process in specific areas or regional physiognomical forest communities, and thus some may question whether it is rational to consider C. laxiflora forest as the climax forest in South Korea's temperate forest zone. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation classification, species composition, and stratum structure and to investigate the succession tendency with the vegetation data collected from C. laxiflora forests in 75 quadrates in 17 mountains between 2014 and 2017. We used the phytosociological method to analyze the vegetation structure and the importance value to analyze the stratum structure. The results showed the floristic composition of 6 vegetation units and 9 species groups. The hierarchy of the C. laxiflora community group was represented by the Ulmus laciniata community, Corylus heterophylla community (subdivided Quercus aliena group and Corylus heterophylla typical group), and Rhododendron schlippenbachii community (subdivided Fraxinus chiisanensis group, Carpinus tschonoskii group, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii typical group). Successional tendency of C. laxiflora forest based on the importance of each layer is predicted to be the total of three types such as to maintain the stand (vegetation units 2, 3, and 6), to success the Carpinus cordata forest (vegetation units 1 and 4), and to success Quercus acuta forest (vegetation unit 5).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.82-92
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• 2007

The purposes of this study were to classify community and to analyzse vegetation-environment relationships in the forest community of Ulleung Island. The forest community of Ulleung Island was classified into Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Neolitsea sericea community, Pinus parviflora community, and Fagus multinervis - Sorbus commixta community. Since the results of phytosociological community classification were consistent with that of TWINSPAN, it proved that these two methods could complement when one does a community classification. There was a difference in chemical characteristic of soil among study communities. The community had high soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, and cation exchange capacity compared to forest soil of Korea. The soil pH ranged from 4.66 to 5.80. The soil texture in the study communities was loam or sandy loam. According to the ordination analysis, elevation, exchangeable Na, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH, and content of sand and silt affect the distribution of community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

An important theme of this paper is to search for more genelalities of diversity and distribution pattern on the trampled plant communities in Daegu area. A total of 50 phytosociological releves were analyzed by the Zurich-Montpellier School's method and generalized habitat characteristics by using Euclidean coefficient and PCoA (Principal Coordinates Analysis). Five plant communities were classified and matched into largely two physiognomic types: grass-types such as Eragrostis ferruginea community, Eleusine indica community, Setaria viridis community, Digitaria ciliaris community, and forb-type of Plantage asiatica community only. These plant communities correspond to quite distinctive four habitat types, with both soil stability and moisture in microhabitat conditions: stable-moderate, unstable-moderate, stable-dry, and unstable-dry. Top-ten species showing the highest relative net contribution degree(r-NCD) were Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine indica, Eragrostis ferruginea, Plantago asiatica, Echinochloa crus-galli, Trifolium repens, Polygonum aviculare, Setaria viridis, Setaria glauca and Artemisia princeps. The front three species showing more than 50% in percent r-NCD possess florescence after monsoon season. It is critically pointed out that the regional ecological differentiations i.e. the Daegu bioclimatic division, the $C_4$-plant dominant season(post-monsoon) of Korean peninsula, and species composition different from Japan's Plantaginetalia asiaticae, are the basis for deriving characteristics of the roadbed trampled plant communities of Daegu.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2005

The black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) forests were studied by a phytosociological approach. Particular attention was given to characterize the vegetation classification, distribution pattern, and ecological flora of the syntaxa classified. A total of 38 releves were analyzed by using Correlation coefficient, UPGMA as the clustering method, and Principal Coordinates Analysis for ordination. Ecological flora analyzed by plant character sets such as scrambler, annual and biennial plants, forest elements, and actual urbanization index. The analyzed data are based on site-releve matrix with relative net contribution degree (r-NCD) of species. A total of 77 families, 193 genera and 323 species of vascular plants are recorded. Camellino-Robinietum pseudoacaciae ass. nov. and Phragmites-Robinia pseudoacacia community were described. Main cluster and ordination could be separated: 1) urban type, 2) rural type, 3) riparian type, and 4) combined type. It is defined that the Robinietum is a representative unit on the black locust afforestation, Phragmites-Robinia community on the lentic zone in the river ecosystem, and Cameliino-Robinietum ailanthetosum altissimae as an urban forest type. The Robinietum was considered as a perpetual community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2020

The purpose of this study examined the succession by vegetation type after forest ecosystem restoration in the Baramjae area. Vegetation of the Baramjae area was classified using a survey of 81 sites from May to October 2019. The vegetation type was classified as Pinus densiflora community group with both Quercus mongolica community and P. densiflora typical community. The group unit was further classified as the Quercus dentata typical subgroup, Salix koreensis subgroup, and Q. mongolica typical subgroup. Such as Q. mongolica, Quercus variavilis in vegetation unit 1, Q. mongolica, Q. dentata in vegetation unit 2, P. densiflora in vegetation unit 3 and S. koreensis in vegetation unit 4 were shown a high importance value. The difference in species by vertical layer is explained by sere. Based on the vegetation type classification system, Detrended Correspondence Analysis was conducted to observe the trend of succession. Since restoration, vegetation unit 1 and vegetation unit 2 were considered to have developed the most extensive vegetation. In vegetation unit 2 and vegetation unit 4, many of the species found were in the early vegetation development in S. koreensis subgroup. Accordingly, vegetation in the Baramjae area can be categorized as a stepwise succession.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.257-277
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• 2007

We carried out a phytosociological study on pine forests in Korea with the method of Zurich-Montpellier School. We collected the data of 252 $relev{\acute{e}}s$ from 45 sites in the pine forests throughout the Korean Peninsula and its attached islands. The vegetation of the pine forests was classified into one association, three communities and seven subcommunities as follows: A: Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, A-1: Typical subcommunity, A-2: Vaccinium korean urn subcommunity, A-3 : Rhododendron micranthum subcommunity, B: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community, B-1: Typical subcommunity, B-2: Juniperus rigida subcommunity, B-3: Styrax japonica subcommunity, B-4: Eurya japonica subcommunity, C: Saso-Pinetum densiflorae Yim et al. 1990, and D: Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community. The former three communities were integrated into the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae Kim 1990 em. 1992. The Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community remained to be studied in future to determine the association. The communities of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community was distributed throughout the montane zone in central-northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community occupied widely in the sub-montane and hilly areas in central and Southern Korean Peninsula. The association of Saso-Pinetum densiflorae was found in Cheju Island. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Pinus densiflora community were distributed in the warm-temperate zone including islands off the south-west coast of the Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.220-229
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the forest community classification and vegetation structure in NYNRF(National Yonghyeon Natural Recreation Forest). We studied by 26 plots($20{\times}20m$) from April to September 2014. NYNRF were classified into the Quercus mongolica Community, Quercus variabilis community and Acer pictum community in the 3 community units. The Q. mongolica Community was subdivided into the Pinus densiflora group and Typical group and A. pictum community was also subdivided into the Euonymus sachalinensis group and Typical group. NYNRF were classified into 3 communities and 4 groups and 5 VU(vegetation units). According to the result of importance value analysis between vegetation units, VU 1 P. densiflora(65.1%), VU 2 Q. mongolica(73.6%), VU 3 Q. variabilis(75.1%), VU 4 E. sachalinensis(33.3%) and VU 5 Lindera erythrocarpa(27.1%) were highly showed in tree layer and VU 1 Rhododendron mucronulatum (19.3%), VU 2 Calamagrostis arundinacea (16.9%), VU 3 Indigofera kirilowii (75.1%), VU 4 and VU 5 Pseudostellaria heterophylla(each other 14.8% and 24.7%) were highly showed in herb layer. In INSPAN(INdicator SPecies ANalysis) of vegetation units, 33 species were analyzed significantly(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.540-561
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• 2011

We carried out a study for ecological management and ideal vegetation structure selection on the shrine forest of 'Miwhang-sa' considering the species diversity and the vegetation structure analysis associated with global warming. We carried out the analyses of phytosociological vegetation structure, correlation between vegetation units and environmental variables, life form, species diversity, and species evenness. This study identified the vegetation units as 3 communities. The identified vegetation units are as follows: Quercus acuta community(DQ), Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community(QQ) and Celtis sinensis community(CS). According to the basis on the environmental variables; Ca, Mg and P, Celtis sinensis community and other communities were classified. Quecus serrata-Quercus variabilis comm. and Quercus acuta comm. were classified, according to the basis on the environmental variables; organic matter(OM), Ni and Zn. Sasa borealis as life form R1-2, dominated the herb layer and will dominate the herb and shrub layers. Species simplification is formed on herb layer and will be formed on shrub layer. The species diversity of Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community is higher than the one of Quercus acuta community, and the species diversity of shrine forest around Miwhang-sa was higher than the shrine forest around Nameun-sa where evergreen broad-leaved forests dominate. It is essential that the long-term vegetation management considering the vegetation units by phytosociological analysis, the species simplification problem of low layers by S. borealis and the species diversity and evenness in the shrine forest, Miwhang-sa.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.725-735
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics, and ordination of Stewartia koreana community of Mt. Jirisan in Korea. The S. koreana community was classified into S. koreana-Quercus mongolica serrata community, S. koreana-Quercus mongolica community, and Typical community. In specific, S. koreana-Q. serrata community was classified into two subgroups such as Carpinus laxiflora subcommunity and typical subcommunity. The S. koreana community was found out to be located at an elevation of 409m to 1,604m. The Results of importance value on the S. koreana community consisted of the following in order: 75.47% of S. koreana, the highest, 21.83% of Q. serrata, 18.65% of Q. mongolica, 18.19% of Acer pseudosieboldianum, 10.56% of Rhododendron schlippenbachii, 10.36% of Styrax japonicus. In the targeted study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, soil moisture and soil pH were 3.15~39.1%, 0.37~11.7%, 0.9~45.4mg/kg, $0.09{\sim}1.48cmol^+/kg$, 19.28~55.47% and 4.08~5.65, respectively. The results of the correlation between communities and soil conditions of S. koreana community by DCCA ordination method are as follows: S. koreana-Q. serrata community was found in the highest elevation and followed in order S. koreana typical community, S. koreana-Q. serrata typical subcommunity, and C. laxiflora subcommunity.