• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.399-404
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the population densities, R/S ratios, and identification of heterotrophic bacteria on the rhizosphere soil of halophyte Suaeda japonica found on the western and southern mudflats of Korea. The population densities of aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria on the rhizosphere soil of Suaeda japonica were in the range of $1.3\;{\pm}\;0.3\;{\times}\;10^6\;{\sim}\;6.3\;{\pm}\;3.3\;{\times}\;10^7\;and\;2.8\;{\pm}\;1.3\;{\times}\;10^4\;{\sim}\;1.8\;{\pm}\;0.7\;{\times}\;10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}\;d.\;wt.$, respectively. In case of physiologically specific bacteria, population densities of amylolytic bacteria on the rhizosphere soil of Suaeda japonica were in the range of $4.4\;{\pm}\;0.6\;{\times}\;10^6\;{\sim}\;2.5\;{\pm}\;1.2\;{\times}\;10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}\;d.\;wt.$, those of cellulolytic bacteria were from $8.5\;{\pm}\;6.0\;{\times}\;10^4\;{\sim}\;2.3\;{\pm}\;1.6\;{\times}\;10^6\;cfu\;g^{-1}\;d.\;wt.$, and those of proteolytic bacteria were from $3.8\;{\pm}\;1.8\;{\times}\;10^5\;{\sim}\;4.2\;{\pm}\;2.9\;{\times}\;10^6\;cfu\;g^{-1}\;d.\;wt.$, respectively. The R/S ratios were ranged from 2.33 to 2.39. Among eleven isolates from the roots of halophyte Suaeda japonica of Goheung bay by using 16S rDNA analysis, five clones were closely related to ${\gamma}-Proteobacteria$ group and six clones were closely related to ${\alpha}-Proteobacteria$ group. Among four isolates from Suncheon bay, two strains were related to ${\gamma}-Proteobacteria$ group and another two were related to Actinobacteria and Bacilli group, respectively.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1774-1779
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• 2014

It is known that muscle strength of human body can alter or deteriorate as aging. In this study, we present an inverse dynamics simulation to investigate the effect of muscle strength on performing the daily activities. A 3D musculoskeletal model developed in this study includes several segments of whole body, long and short muscles, ligaments and disc stiffness. Five daily activities such as standing, flexion, finger tip to floor, standing lift close and lifting flexed were simulated with varying the maximum muscle force capacities (MFC) of each muscle fascicles from 30 to $90N/cm^2$ with an increment of $30N/cm^2$. In the result, no solution can be obtained for finger tip to floor and lifting flexed with $30N/cm^2$. Even though the solution was available for standing lift close activity in case of $30N/cm^2$ capacity, many of muscle fascicles hit the upper bound of muscle strength which means that it is not physiologically possible to perform the acvities in reality. For lifing flexed, even the case of $60N/cm^2$ capaciy, represents the moderate healthy people, was not able to find the solutions, showing that 18 muscles among 258 muscle fascicles reached 100% of muscle capacity. The estimated results imply that people who have low muscle strength such as elders or rehabilitation patients were required higher muscle work to perform and maintain the same daily activities than healthy one.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2007

This study was conducted to identify physiologically active substances from leaves and stems of peony plant. MeOH extracts and column chromatography were employed to isolate active compounds and chemical structure were identified by IR, UV, Mass and NMR. The results obtained can be summerized as followings : Chemical structure of compound 1 was identified as oleanolic acid (white color form) of triterpenoid group, which is firstly identified from the above part of peony. Compound 2 was identified as kaempferol (yellow needle form) of flavonoid group, which was firstly identified from the root, leaf and stem of peony. Compound 3 was identified as methyl gallate (white power form) of phenol group, which was firstly identified from the above part of peony. Compound 4 was identified as astragalin (bright yellow needle form) of flavonoid group, that was firstly identified from the leaf and stem of peony. Compound 5 was identified as paeoniflorin (white color form) of monoterpene group, that was firstly identified from the above part of peony.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.447-452
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• 2006

To determine the functions of specific cell wall polysaccharides, polysaccharides of three mutants, mur3-1, mur3-2, and mur3-3, obtained from Arabidopsis wild type, underwent structural characterization. Upon sequential separation of pectins (RG-I and RG-II) and cross-linking glycans (xyloglucan, XG), only XG was affected by the mud mutation. Wild-type XG contained a considerable amount of fucose, whereas the fucose level in mur3 XGs was less than 20% that of wild type. Further analysis of XGs by matrix-assisted laser-induced/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry indicated that mud lines considerably or completely lost the fucosylated XG oligosaccharides such as XXFG and XLFG and the double-galactosylated oligosaccharide XLLG $^1H$-NMR spectroscopic analyses of the XG oligosaccharides from mur3-3 plant revealed the absence of fucose and a galactose level in the galactosylated side chain that was reduced by 40% compared to that of Arabidopsis wild-type plant. In contrast, 85% less fucose and a slight loss of galactose were observed in the mur3-1 and mur3-2 lines which show normal growth habit. Of the three Arabidopsis mur3 lines studied here, mur3-3 is disrupted by a T-DNA insertion in the exon of MUR3 which encodes XG-specific galactosyltransferase, and exhibits slight dwarfism. These results indicated that the T-DNA insertion at the MUR3 locus did not induce the complete loss of galactose in XG, and that galactose, rather than fucose, in the XG side chains made a major contribution to overall wall strength.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.206-210
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• 2005

Objective : Our aim is to evaluate the early changes of biologic markers such as white blood cell[WBC] count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate[ESR] and C-reactive protein[CRP] in early diagnosis of postoperative infection and to differentiate infection from inflammatory reaction in lumbar spine surgery. Methods : We reviewed 330patients who had undergone spinal operations between May 1999 and October 2001. For this study, the patients were classified into two groups, which include a group that underwent spinal decompressive surgery without instrumentation[SD], and the other group that underwent fusion surgery with spinal instrumentation[SI]. And each group was also subdivided into two groups respectively, one with infection and the other without infection. We retrospectively analyzed the WBC count, ESR and CRP preoperatively and postoperatively, according to their operation type and postoperative infection history. Results : Inflammatory indices were physiologically affected by instrumentation itself. But ESR and CRP elevations were more prolonged and sustained under infection. In SD patients without infection, ESR and CRP were stabilized 5 days after surgery. In SI patients without infection, CRP was stabilized about 7days after surgery, but ESR showed sustained and variously elevated. In both SD and SI groups, the stabilization of CRP was the most reliable behavior of surgery without infection. Conclusion : C-reactive protein is most sensitive parameter for postoperative spine infection. The knowledge of the inflammatory indices and their relatively uniform patterns with or without infection offers surgeons the ability to infer the state of surgical wound.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2019

In this review, we describe the absorption rates (Caco-2 cell permeability) and hepatic/plasma pharmacokinetics of 53 diverse chemicals estimated by modeling virtual oral administration in rats. To ensure that a broad range of chemical structures is present among the selected substances, the properties described by 196 chemical descriptors in a chemoinformatics tool were calculated for 50,000 randomly selected molecules in the original chemical space. To allow visualization, the resulting chemical space was projected onto a two-dimensional plane using generative topographic mapping. The calculated absorbance rates of the chemicals based on cell permeability studies were found to be inversely correlated to the no-observed-effect levels for hepatoxicity after oral administration, as obtained from the Hazard Evaluation Support System Integrated Platform in Japan (r = -0.88, p < 0.01, n = 27). The maximum plasma concentrations and the areas under the concentration-time curves (AUC) of a varied selection of chemicals were estimated using two different methods: simple one-compartment models (i.e., high-throughput toxicokinetic models) and simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling consisting of chemical receptor (gut), metabolizing (liver), and central (main) compartments. The results obtained from the two methods were consistent. Although the maximum concentrations and AUC values of the 53 chemicals roughly correlated in the liver and plasma, inconsistencies were apparent between empirically measured concentrations and the PBPK-modeled levels. The lowest-observed-effect levels and the virtual hepatic AUC values obtained using PBPK models were inversely correlated (r = -0.78, p < 0.05, n = 7). The present simplified PBPK models could estimate the relationships between hepatic/plasma concentrations and oral doses of general chemicals using both forward and reverse dosimetry. These methods are therefore valuable for estimating hepatotoxicity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.351-357
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• 2006

Polygoni Radix (Polygonaceae) has been used as renal disoder hematopoietic, menstrual irregularity and antiaging in Korean folk medicine. Specially aerial parts has been used for insomnia and sedative agent. In order to investigate the efficacy of antioxidant activity on these aerial parts, the bio-activity guided fraction and isolation of physiologically active substance were performed. H$_2$O, 30%, 60%, 100% MeOH were examined antioxidant activity by DPPH method. It was revealed that 30%, 60% MeOH fractions have significantly antioxidant activity. From 60% MeOH fraction, six known flavonoid glycosides (quercetin, quercetin 3-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranosyl-4'-O-glucopyrano side-3'-methyl ether, quercetin 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhannopyranoside, quercetin 3-O- ${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside-4'-methylethor, quorcetin 3-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-${\beta}$-D-galactopyranoside) and 3,4-Oihydrocinnarnic acid were isolated. To investigate the antioxidant activities of each com-pounds, we measured radical scavening activity with DPPH method and anti-lipid peroxidative efficacy on low density lipo-protein (LDL) with TBARS assay and anti-acetylcholinestrase activity with Ellman's Test. Four compounds (ll, IV Vl, Vll) of quercetin glycosides showed significant activity.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1976.06a
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• pp.87.1-87
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• 1976

Bekesy measured the sound transformation system of the middle ear 49 years ago. According to his reports, a ratio between the size of ear drum and the size of oval window is 17 : 1, and the lever function of the ossicles is physiologically 1.3 : 1. Therefore, the hearing might be aggravated to 27.5㏈ in the case of the vanishment of 3 ossicles. In 1952, Wullstein reported 5 types of tympanop-lasty and the fourth type among them was especially named for the sound-protection. The oval window is only exposed by the sound pressure and the round window is not exposed. According to the application by this idea, the post-operative hearing might be improved until 27.5㏈. Mean while, in 1942, Onchi verified through his experiment that the results of Bekesy's measurement was not completely conformed to Onchi result. Bekesy measured the sound pressure on the stapes plate of the oval window, on the other hand, Onchi measured the sound pressure on the surface of the perilymph of the oval window after removing the stapes plate(Fig. 1).(Figure omitted) The difference of their experiment is recognized that the impedance of the stapes plate exists or not (Fig. 1). Both Audiogrums are compared as Fig. 2. The result of IV type of tympanoplasty is success ful in 54% as the Table 1. (Table Omitted) The reason of unsatisfactory is caused by the thick and unmovable window-membrane and by the closing of air passage to the round window. The closing of the air passage to the round window is occurred by the adhesion between the grafting membrane and the surface of promontorium. In order to preserve this adhesion, I produce to transplantate the mucous membrane of the lip to the bone surface of tympanic cavity after removing the granulation tissue of the tympanic cavity and to form a membranous canal for the sake of air passage (Fig. 3). (Figure Omitted) The post-operative hearing by this method is shown as Fig. 4, 5. In other words, the post-operative sound pressure entered into the cochlea directly, by way of the oval window only, not by way of the round window, as a theorie of the sound protection. (Figure omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.586-597
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• 2021

This study analyzed clothing pressure, blood flow, and subjective sensations among women in their 50s and 60s while wearing commercially available yoga bra tops (YBTs). These findings could then serve as basic data for designing YBT for women in this age range. Clothing pressure and blood flow reactions were measured in seven participants wearing four commercially available YBTs. Subjective sensations of pressure and comfort were also evaluated. The calculated data were analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 statistical program. The results suggested that YBT4 exerted the lowest clothing pressure, while YBT2 and YBT3 exerted relatively higher clothing pressures. Participants' blood flow decreased while wearing YBTs compared to the control garment. The decrease of 47.3% when the participants wore YBT2 was especially significant. The results confirmed that the blood velocity rate was physiologically lower while wearing all four YBTs than when wearing the control garment. Results for subjective pressure and overall comfort confirmed that YBT2 and YBT3 exerted relatively high pressure, while YBT4 did not exert pressure.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.281-286
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• 2019

A black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) residue extract (BTRE) was prepared by 30% ethanol extraction to evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity. The yield and polyphenol content of BTRE were $22.4{\pm}1.18%$ and $23.2{\pm}1.02{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalents/mg-extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity of BTRE proportionally increased as BTRE concentration increased. $IC_{50}$ values of BTRE for cation radical, free radical and nitrite scavenging were 141.8, 108.1, and $397.2{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Also $IC_{50}$ value of BTRE for ferric reducing anti-oxidant power was $97.8{\mu}g/mL$. BTRE effectively inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation. These results imply that BTRE possessed potent antioxidant activity, thus being utilized as a physiologically active material.