• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.548-556
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• 2006

This study was to evaluate the effect of Samjayangchin-tang (STYCT) on mouse Th1 and Th2 cells' differentiation and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic inflammation. The proliferation of mouse CD4 T cells and the secretion of Th1/Th2 cytokines under the influence of STYCT extract were measured as well as the amount of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ in RBL-2H3 cells and the levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion in Raw264.7 cells. BALB/c mice were orally administered with STYCT extract and simultaneously inoculated with OVA to induce allergic reaction and measure the level of total IgE, OVA-specific IgE and the production of IFN- g, IL-4, IL-5 by the spleen cells. When mouse CD4 T cell were stimulated with anti-CO3 and anti-CD28 for 48 hours in various concentrations of STYCT extract, it decreased proliferation of CD4 cells. CD4 T cells under Th1/Th2 polarizing conditions for 3 days with STYCT resulted in mild decrease of IFN- g in Th1 cells and significant decrease of IL-4 in Th2 cells. STYCT extract had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on antigen-induced release of ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ in RBL-2H3 cells. Treatment of STYCT extract on LPS stimulated Raw 264.7 cells showed dose-dependent decrease in IL-6 production. Oral administration of STYCT extract on OVA-induced allergic mice showed an inhibitory effect on the levels of total serum IgE and OVA-specific IgE by 53% and 44%, respectively. Culture of spleen cells with OVA resulted in significant increase of IFN- g by 54% and significant decrease of IL-4 and IL-5 by 42%, and 29%, respectively. The results show that STYCT does not strongly induce mouse T cells to transform into Th1 or Th2 but it has an anti-allergic effect in vitro, and that it also corrects the unbalance between the reactions of Th cells in allergic diseases.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.674-682
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of applying oriental music therapy and reliability of electroencephalogram(EEG) equipment. The study was approved by the critical trial judge committee from ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$(IRB No. 2013-07) university. In order to measure test-retest reliability for 15 subjects, EEG for same participants were measured using same method mentioned above after 2 hours from the first measurement. Same provider implemented to each person at same time. Firstly, EEG was measured for 5 minutes after the subject with attached electrodes sat on chair comfortably for 10 minutes. Then, the subject was given mental stress using the four fundamental arithmetic operations for 5 minutes, and measured EEG for another 5 minutes. After that the subject sat on the chair comfortably listening oriental medicine music therapy for 5 minutes, and EEG was measured for 5 minutes again. There was no side effect regarding music therapy reported. Raw data, which was measured in each step, were converted through FFT(fast fourier transform) and analyzed after divided into certain frequency including ${\alpha}$ wave, ${\beta}$ wave, ${\theta}$ wave, immersion wave, stabilization wave, sef100 wave, and sef95 wave. Data were analyzed using wilcoxon signed rank test, Intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC), repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSS program. In test-retes method, there were significantly differences in ${\alpha}$ wave, ${\beta}$ wave, immersion wave, stability wave, ${\theta}$ wave, sef100 wave, sef95 wave. ICC has shown a high degree of reliability that it was ${\alpha}$ wave .877, ${\beta}$ wave .855, ${\gamma}$ wave .895, immersion wave .897, stability wave .816, ${\theta}$ wave .904, sef100 wave .910, sef95 wave .776. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in ${\alpha}$ wave after applying oriental music therapy. Based on these results, it is considered that average of the channel EEG and application of oriental music therapy would be practiced by increase of sample size using this machine.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

신경세포 가지돌기가시의 형태를 분석하는 것은 신경세포의 기능을 이해하는데 중요하다. 가지돌기가시는 광학현미경 해상도의 한계근처에 있는 구조물로 투과전자현미경 및 공초점헌미경 등을 이용한 연구들이 보고 되고 있다. 고압전자현미경은 높은 해상도와 투과능력 덕분에 두꺼운 절편의 관찰이 용이하여 신경세포의 가지돌기가시 등을 관찰하는데 유용한 것으로 알려져 있다. 고압전자현미경을 이용하여 신경세포의 가지돌기가시를 효과적으로 관찰하는방법을 확인하고 기본적인 형태학적 자료를 축적하고자 하였다. 생쥐 소뇌에 위치하는 조롱박세포의 가지돌기가시를 anti-calbindin 28kD항체 및 Golfi 염색으로 표지한 후 $4{\mu}m$두께의 절편을 제작하여 impregnation방법으로 각각 처리하여 표본을 제작한 후, 초고압전자현미경으로 관찰하여 효과적인 관찰방법을 찾고, 영상분석 기법을 이용하여 가지돌기가시의 밀도와 가시의 길이를 측정하였다. 초고압전자현미경 관찰 결과, 면역조직화학법과 Golgi법 모두 조롱박세포의 가지돌기가시를 관찰할 수 있었으나 Golgi법으로 준비된 표본이 가시를 정량적으로 분석하기에 더욱 적합하였다. 명상분석 결과로는 가지돌기 가시의 평균밀도가 $24.5{\pm}3.6$개/$10{\mu}m$였고, 가시의 평균길이는 $1.12{\pm}0.22{\mu}m$였다. 본 연구를 통해서 Gogli 법으로 염색된 조롱박세포를 고압전자현미경으로 관찰할 경우, 가지돌기가시를 정량적으로 관찰할만한 만족스러운 영상을 얻을 수 있었고, 추후 경사를 주어 촬영한 두 장의 사진을 이용하여 3차원적으로 분석하면 좀 더 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 이는 소뇌의 신경가소성을 이해하는데 중요한 자료가 될 것이다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제11권1_2호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

Human exposure to volatile compounds in tap water can occur from inhalation and dermal absorption as well as direct ingestion. The relative contribution to total human exposure from these pathways has been considered to be important especially for VOC's (volatile organic compounds). In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the risk assessment, it has been suggested that the exposure assessment process could be significantly improved by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation. However, there is no actual data in Korea for each exposure parameter to determine the level of exposure, and the distributional pattern. Therefore, we surveyed water use patterns and behavior related to multi-route exposure to VOC's in household tap water in Korea, and compared these values to the those in western countries. In the first survey, we calculated daily water intake using data from a sample of 1322 persons of several cities in Korea. In the second survey, we obtained questionnaire data on exposure time for showering, bathing and household activities, and tap water intake from 851households in Korea. In the last survey, we measured the exposure parameters (exposure time, water use rate etc.) related to showers, baths, toilets, dish washing, washing and cooking, and tap water intake was surveyed. Also, the subjects were measured their body weight, height and tidal volume, etc. A diary, a flow meter and a measuring cup were used to measure these values as precisely as possible. Average daily water intake was ranged 0.79-1.71 L/day for adults in three surveys. Tap water intake measured by log-sheet during one week in third survey was 1.26 (average), 1.98 L/day (90 percentlie), respectively. These results were comparable with results from EPA (1.4, 2L/day). The average amount of water used by housewives in the third survey was 515.0 $\pm$ 564.6L/day. In usual activity, the amount of water used in the bathroom, the laundry and the kitchen was 140.0 $\pm$ 538.9, 148.0 $\pm$ 174.5, 229.3 $\pm$ 205.4 L/day, respectively. Exposure parameters such as water intake rate, exposure duration, body weight, inhalation rates in surveyed data of Korean people differed from those published from western countries. This could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, dietary habits and physiological characteristics.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.515-523
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• 2012

Recent development and enlargement of reclaimed lands along the sea shores required to explore alternatives to existing crops, which are suitable to grow well and to declare higher profits. The objectives of this study were to investigate yield-related parameters for development of new leafy vegetables, and to screen some candidates among New Zealand spinach genotypes which were collected in Korea. Initially all the collected genotypes were grown for 7 weeks in a greenhouse of the experiment field in Chungnam National University, and then transplanted into the field to measure morphological or physiological parameters (plant height, branch number, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and maximum canopy diameter), and yield-related parameters (leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, fresh weight and dry weight). Those parameters were quantitatively measured at 1, 5 or 9 weeks after transplanting (WAT). Parameters exhibiting statistically significant difference among the accessions were plant height, branch number, maximum canopy diameter, chlorophyll content, and leaf length. In contrast to highly correlated parameters with fresh and dry weight obtained in salt-affected soil in the earlier report, fresh weight was correlated significantly with leaf length (r=0.72), leaf width (r=0.64), and canopy diameter(r=0.66), while dry weight was correlated significantly with plant height (r=0.46), leaf length (r=0.72), leaf width (r=0.73), fresh weight (r=0.79), chlorophyll content (r=0.47), and canopy diameter (r=0.87). Based on the significantly correlated with yield parameters, the candidate accessions which were ranked in top statistical groups include CNU06A01, CNU06A13, CNU06A26, CNU06A35, CNU06A38, and CNU06A55. In order to be cultivated in reclaimed lands, it is necessary to screen out salt tolerant accessions among the above high-yielding genotypes.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 1998

목적 : 간특정 MR 조영제를 이요하여 간세포의 세포막을 통한 물분자의 교환 및 세포막 투과율을 정확히 측정 할 수 있는 MR 기법을 개발하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 쥐의 간세포를 분리하여 낸 후 NMR 측정을 시도하엿다. 모든 실험은 0.02MHz부터 60 MHz까지 양성자의 Larmor 주파수를 변화시킬 수 있는 IBM형 field cycling relaxometer를 사용하여 시행하였으며 spin-echo 펄스열을 사용하여 T1 자기이완시간을 측정하였다. 전오도의 간특정 조영제인 Gd-EOB-DTPA를 함유하고 있는 간세포 샘플로부터 획득한 T1 데이터를 연속분포 분석법을 사용하여 분석하였으며 이때 이론적 모델로는 Two compartmental exchange 모델을 이용하였다. 결과 : 간세포내의 물분자의 평균 거주시간은 약 250 msec이며 간세포막의 투과율에 대한 최저치는 $(1.3{\pm}0.1){\;}{\times}{\;}10^{-3}cm/sec$ 이었다. 자기이완시간의 연속적인 분포도를 구할 수 있는 CONTIN 분석기법을 적용한 결과 확산적 물분자 교환이 일어남을 밝혔고 이러한 확산적 교환의 정도가 간세포의 경우 세포내 공간에서는 작지 않다는 사실을 규명 할 수 있었다. 결론 : 연속분포 분석기법을 적용하는 경우 Gd-EOB-DTPA는 간세포에서의 물분자의 교환정도 및 세포막의 물분자에 대한 투과율을 측정하는데 매우 유용한 방법임을 확인하였고 간세포에서의 물분자의 교환속도는 적혈구에서의 물분자 교환 속도에 비해 매우 느리다는 사실을 확인하였다. 따라서 조직 특정 조영제는 해당 조직 혹은 세포의 세포막 투과율과 같은 생리학적 정보를 알아낼 수 있는 기능적 조영제로서의 유용성을 입증할 수 있었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.538-548
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• 1995

Exercises are achievement oriented, the process is frequently perceived as hard and difficult Participants drop out from exercise programs in the middle of the training period. Dance movement, which is the deliberate and systematic use of movement, is enjoyable during the movement and provides opportunities for persons to express them-selves. Regular long term dance movement may in-duce a training effect with a decreased drop out rate. Dance movement could be one way to attain wellness, however, there have been few studies to evaluate both physiological and psychological aspects of dance movement. This study focused on evaluating the effects of dance movement training on body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, limb circumference and strength, stress response and subjective feelings. This quasi-experimental study was designed as a nonequivalent control group pre test -post test study. Ten healthy fe-male subjects, aged between 19 and 31 years volunteered for an eight week dance movement program. Ten healthy female subjects, between 19 and 21 years of age paticipated as controls. None of the subjects had performed regular physical activity for six months prior to the study. Dance movement was created with reference to Heber's movement guide. The Dance movement program consisted of approximately 30 minutes of dance, three days per week, for eight weeks. During each 30 minute work out, there were approximately 5 minutes of warm-up dancing, 20 minutes of conditioning dance and 5 minutes of cool-down dancing. The intensity for the conditioning phase was at between 60% and 65% of age-adjusted maximum heart rates. Body weight, resting blood pressure and heart rate, circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf, muscle strength of upper and lower limb, physical and psychological response to stress were measured prior to, and following the experimental treatment. Body weight was measured by digital weight scale(Kyung In Corp., Korea). Resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by sphygmomanometer, Resting heart rate was measured for one minute in a relaxed sitting position using the radial artery. Circumference of mid upper arm, mid thigh and mid calf was determined by tape measure. Muscle strength of the upper extremities was measured by a grip dynamometer (Takei Corp. No.1857, Japan) and that of the extremities was measured by the length of time the leg could be held at 45° Physical and psychological responses to stress were measured using the Symptoms of Stress (SOS)Scale. Paticipants in the dance movement were interviewed by the facilitator following the eight weeks, and their thematic responses about the dance movement were recorded. Following the eight week dance movement train-ing, body weight decreased significantly, circumference of mid thigh and mid calf increased. The length of time leg - raising could be held tended to increase following the dance movement training. Resting systolic and resting heart rate showed a tendency to decrease. Total mean score of stress response tended to de-crease, and mean score of habitual patterns, do-pression, anxiety / fear, anger and cognitive disorganization decreased remarkably following the eight week dance movement. Thematic responses about the dance movement were positive following the training.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1221-1225
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• 2009

The pulse diagnosis is an important and universally used method in Oriental Medicine. Since the traditional method of palpating the pulse relies on the subjective sense in the fingers of an Oriental Medical Doctor(OMD), there has been continued need for more objective method for pulse diagnosis. Recently, various pulse analyzers have been developed to meet such objective palpation and interpretation. However, most of these attempts were not successful to replace OMD's own palpation by fingers. To improve the performance of the pulse analyzers, one should develop machine-appropriate interpretations for the pulse images in the literature, in addition to the improvement in the repeatability and reproducibility. One of such widely-used pulse images to be interpreted is the floating and sinking pulse. The floating and sinking pulses are the two representative pulse images informing us how strong pressure one should apply to obtain the maximal pulse strength. A previous study suggested a convenient and unified measure for the floating and sinking pulses by defining the coefficient of the floating-sinking pulse(CFS). We found the original definition of the CFS could be erroneous under some situations. To improve the performance, we introduce new CFS algorithm for determining the floating and sinking pulse with a pulse analyzers(3-D MAC). To test the performance of the newly suggested algorithm, we conducted a clinical study comparing the agreement ratio with the floating and sinking pulse diagnosis by the OMDs. We found that, among the subjects who are diagnosed with having either the floating pulse or sinking pulse, the new CFS algorithm showed 55.3% diagnosis rate and 73.0% concordance rate, which are about 3% and 6% improvement in the diagnosis rate and agreement rate, respectively, compared to the original CFS algorithm.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1341-1348
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• 2009

Hoechunyanggyeok-san (HYS) is a traditional oriental herbal medicine widely used for treating inflammatory disorders. Although there are numerous clinical results of HYS reported in the literature of oriental hebal medicine, it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of HYS extract (HYSE) in vivo and in vitro. To determine the cytotoxic concentration of HYSE, cell viability was tested by MTT assay. All four doses of HYSE (0.01, 0.03, 0.10 and 0.30 mg/ml) had no significant cytotoxicity during the entire experimental period. In order to measure NO levels in culture medium, the cells were treated with $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ of LPS 1h before adding HYSE for 24 h and then culture medium were reacted with Griess reagent. Increased NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-activated cells compared to control. However, these increases were dose-dependently attenuated by treatment with HYSE. LPS plays a key role in leading to the massive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in macrophages. Thus, we next determined the levels of these cytokines. HYSE reduced the elevated production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS. Moreover, the effects of HYSE were in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, histopathological study, HYSE effectively inheefed the increases of hind paw skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by carrageenan treatment. It, therefore, considered that HYSE will be favorably inheefed the acute edematous inanner. In s. These findings showed that HYSE could have anti-inflammatory effects through the reduction of NO and inflammatory cytokines in macrophage. Furthermore, the reduction of carrageenan-induced paw oedema by HYSE helps to understand its actions on inflammatory conditions.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1491-1496
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• 2009

Stroke is usually associated with the cerebral blood flow of the central nervous system. However, studies concerning the effects of neurologic sysmptoms induced from stroke on the peripheral blood flow has not taken place sufficiently. To ascertain the feasibility of a blood flow meter adopting to use doppler ultrasonogrphy, under the prospect that hemiparesis induced from stroke may have effect on the peripheral blood flow, the peripheral blood flow velocity was observed. The control group made up of healthy people without any factors capable of effecting the peripheral blood flow velocity, and patient group which consist of hemiparetic people induced from stroke, were recruited. Volumes of recruitment are 21 persons in the patient group, and 29 persons in the control group, but the final numbers of people are 17 and 21 respectively because of the inconsistancy in the method of the test. The non-invasive method of Doppler effect of Ultrasound was used to measure the blood flow velocity. The blood flow velocity in the peripheral part of left and right fourth fingers:dorsal branches of proper palmar digital artery to dorsum of distal phalanges, was measured in the control group and patient group through Doppler Ultrasound. In comparison of the control group and the patient group, the systolic blood flow velocity from the peripheral part of the upper extremity was lower in the patient group than that of the control group. According to such results, it is concluded that hemiparesis induces the reduction of the peripheral blood flow velocity in the systolic phase.