• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.539-548
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• 2010

Potassium ($K^+$) is one of the most abundant cations in higher plant. It comprises about 10% of plant dry weight and it plays roles in numerous functions such as osmo- and turgor regulation, charge balance of plasma membrane and control of stomata and organ movement. Several potassium transporters and potassium channels regulate $K^+$ homeostasis in response to $K^+$ uptake systems. In this review, we describe the biological, biochemical and physiological characteristics of shaker like potassium channels in higher plant. Especially, we searched the rice genome databases and analysized expressed genes, genome structures and protein domain characteristics of shaker like potassium channels.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.849-856
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• 2017

The ${\beta}$-D-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) is an important enzyme from a historical point of view, discovered by French biologist Berthelot in 1860 and was first used to study enzymology. ${\beta}$-D-fructosfuranosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into D-glucose and D-fructose. Four biochemical subgroups of ${\beta}$-D-fructofuranosidase have been investigated in plants. There are vacuolar (soluble acid), cytoplasmic (soluble alkaline), membrane-bound (insoluble alkaline), and cell wall-bound (insoluble acid) ${\beta}$-D-fructofuranosidase by purification. Their biochemical characteristics are distinct. It suggested that those enzymes might be different gene products. The contribution of each of these enzymes to sucrose management in the plant is likely to be correlated with their localization. Common localization in developing cells in tissues from a range of developmental stages and plant parts suggests that all of the isoforms may be closely involved in nutrient transport. The ${\beta}$-D-fructofuranosidases were most commonly found associated with maturing tissues in developing fruits, leaves, and roots. The ${\beta}$-D-fructofuranosidase activity varies in the relationship between growth and expansion through cell division, development of storage organs and tissues, and the relationship of plant defense responses. It is necessary to summarize more researches in order to know the definite physiological function.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.443-449
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• 1988

Three yeast strains isolated from various sources were tested in its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. The results were compared with those of 35 standard yeast strains in order to study important taxonomical characteristics for yeast identification and to find out the problem of computer identifying system. Although few characteristics did not coincide with literature data, three unidentified strains were temporarily identified as Saccharomyces exiguus, Candida edax, and Candida membranaefactence. The use of computer identifying system must be accomponied with conventional identification method because of the restriction of data sources for computer system.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.244-248
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• 2016

In order to isolate thermophilic bacteria with high activity of CMCase and xylanase, spent mushroom substrates was collected from an oyster mushroom cultivation farm in Jinju, Gyeongnam, Korea. Among the isolates, one strain designated as YJ09 was selected by agar diffusion method. The isolate YJ09 was identified as a member of Bacillus licheniformis based on biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and MicroLog system. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that isolate YJ09 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus licheniformis with sequence similarity of 98.9%. Based on its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, the isolate YJ09 was classified as Bacillus licheniformis. The CMCase and xylanase activity of B. licheniformis YJ09 was slightly increased corresponding to the bacterial population from exponential phase to stationary phase in the growth curve of B. licheniformis YJ09.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.836-840
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• 2011

In order to isolate thermophilic compost-promoting bacteria with high activity of cellulase and xylanase, spent mushroom substrates with sawdust were collected from mushroom cultivation farm, Jinju, Gyeongnam in Korea. Among of the isolates, one strain, designated SJ21 was selected by agar diffusion method. The strain SJ21 was identified as members of the Bacillus lincheniformis by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain SJ21 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus subtilis with 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity of 99%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain SJ21 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus sp. SJ21 is proposed. The cellulase and xylanase activity of Bacillus sp. SJ21 was slightly increased according to bacterial population from exponential phase to stationary phase in growth curve for Bacillus sp. SJ21.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2011

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a by-product remained after a crop of mushrooms. About seven thermophilic strains were isolated from SMS (Flammulina velvtipes). Among them, one isolate, designated UJ03, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain UJ03 produced cellulase and xylanase as extracellular hydrolases. The strain UJ03 was identified as a member of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain UJ03 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with sequence similarity of 98.9%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain UJ03 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus sp. UJ03 is proposed. The antifungal compound from Bacillus sp. UJ03 was similar to lipopeptide iturin A of Bacillus sp.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1507-1514
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• 2017

Objective: The Bashang Long-tail chicken (BS), an indigenous Chinese breed, is considered cold tolerant. We selected BS, the Rhode Island Red (RIR), and their reciprocal crossbreds for the present study. The objectives were: i) to validate whether BS is cold tolerant and whether egg production and cold tolerance of crossbreds could be improved; and ii) to determine the physiological characteristics that underlie cold tolerance and favorable egg production performance in cold environments. Methods: A total of 916 chickens were reared in warm and natural cold environments (daily mean ambient temperature varied from $7.4^{\circ}C$ to $26.5^{\circ}C$ in the warm environment and from $-17.5^{\circ}C$ to $27.0^{\circ}C$ in the cold environment). To investigate their adaptability to the cold environment, the egg production performance and body weight were monitored and compared between breeds and environments. The cloacal temperature and serum biochemical parameters were monitored to reveal the physiological characteristics underlie cold tolerance and favorable egg production performance in the cold environment. Results: The warm environment experiment showed that RIR had the highest egg production performance, and that the reciprocal crossbreds had a higher egg production performance than BS. While in the cold environment RIR had the lowest egg production performance, and the reciprocal crossbreds had a higher egg production performance than BS. In the cold environment BS and reciprocal crossbreds had higher triiodothyronine, tetraiodothyronine levels than RIR. At 35 and 39 wk of age, when the ambient temperature was extremely low (varied from $-20^{\circ}C$ to $0^{\circ}C$), serum glucose, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol of BS and crossbreds were higher than RIR. Conclusion: Bashang Long-tail chicken has a favorable cold tolerance ability. Crossbreeding with RIR and BS is an effective way to develop cold tolerant chickens with improved egg production performance.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2009

The most common genetic disorder Down syndrome (DS) displays various developmental defects including mental retardation, learning and memory deficit, the early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), congenital heart disease, and craniofacial abnormalities. Those characteristics result from the extra-genes located in the specific region called 'Down syndrome critical region (DSCR)' in human chromosome 21. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of the DYRK1A and RCAN1 genes, which are located on DSCR and thought to be closely associated with the typical features of DS patients, and their implication to the pathogenesis of neural defects in DS. DYRK1A phosphorylates several transcriptional factors, such as CREB and NFAT, endocytic complex proteins, and AD-linked gene products. Meanwhile, RCAN1 is an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin A, and its unbalanced activity is thought to cause major neuronal and/or non-neuronal malfunction in DS and AD. Interestingly, they both contribute to the learning and memory deficit, altered synaptic plasticity, impaired cell cycle regulation, and AD-like neuropathology in DS. By understanding their biochemical, functional and physiological roles, we hope to get important molecular basis of DS pathology, which would consequently lead to the basis to develop the possible therapeutic tools for the neural defects in DS.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.150-159
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• 1979

Physiological characteristics of the acetic acid bacteria isolated from the clover flower vinegar were studied and the results were summarized as follows. 1. The strains No. 1, 3, 5 were employed. By their biochemical properties observed, they seemed to belong to Acetobacter aceti. Particluarly, the strain No. 3 had the highest productivity of acetic acid. 2, When the acetic acid bacteria preincubated in $7^{\circ}Bx$ Koji extract was inoculated to $3^{\circ}Bx$ Koji extract added 0.15% yeast extract the productivity and peroxidation of acetic acid increased considerably. 3. $3^{\circ}Bx$ Koji extract added 0.005 to 0.01% of $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ was good in the maintenance of high concentration of acetic acid. 4. Initial optimum pH of media was 6.0. 5. 2 to 4% of ethanol concentration brought a good result of the productivity and peroxidation of acetic acid in short terms.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.745-751
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• 2002

Several bacterial strains producing biosurfactants were isolated from polluted marine and soil by oil. One of the strains named LSC11 showed strong production activity of biosurfactants. This strain was identified as a Bacillus sp. LSC11 based on the morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. The biosurfactant, produced by the strain, emulsified crude oil, vegetable oil, and hydrocarbons. The surface tension of the culture broth of Bacillus sp. LSC11 decreased to 32 mN/m. The crude biosurfactant was obtained from the culture broth by acid precipitation, freeze drying, solvent extraction, and evaporation. The emulsifying activity of the biosurfactant showed better than the chemically synthesized surfactant (SDS, Span40, Span 85). The biosurfactants had strong properties as an emulsifying agent and as an emulsion-stabilizing agent.