• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the physico-chemical and microbiological properties in profile depth during composting process with different turning times when pig manure was composted with ground rice hulls at the rate of same for the promotion of the composting. The moisture contents, C/N rate and pH value decreased according to composting progresses as run into turning times, but increased those inside layer of the pile. $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents were high in the outer layer mostly, as the result the $NH_3$ flux was high in there, but it decreased as composting progresses. The number of aerobic bacteria were $10^7{\sim}10^9\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, increased as the turning times, the number of their showed high in the outer layer. The number of fungi were $10^2{\sim}10^4\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ at the early period of composting, but did't almost survive inside layer as composting progresses. The number of cellulose decomposer and thermophilic bacteria were $10^6{\sim}10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ and $10^6{\sim}10^9\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, respectively, they showed high inside layer of the pile. Therefore, the turning of composting can reduce the change difference of microorganisms in the pile. Turning frequence for the promotion of composting showed approximately 2~3 times.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.448-458
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• 2009

It has been well documented from animal and human studies that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has numerous beneficial effects on health. In chickens, CLA exerts many effects on performance ranging from egg quality and yolk lipids to meat quality. Although there are several CLA isomers available, not all CLA isomers have the same incorporation rates into egg yolk: cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers are more favorably deposited into egg yolk than other isomers investigated, but of the two isomers, the former has a higher incorporation rate than the latter. CLA alters the amounts and profiles of lipids in plasma, muscles and liver. Furthermore, increased liver weight was reported in chickens fed dietary CLA. As observed in egg yolk, marked reduction in intramuscular lipids as well as increased protein content was observed in different studies, leading to elevation in protein-to-fat ratio. Inconsistency exists for parameters such as body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production rate and mortality, depending upon experimental conditions. One setback is that hard-cooked yolks from CLA-consuming hens have higher firmness as refrigeration time and CLA are increased, perhaps owing to alterations in physico-chemistry of yolk. Another is that CLA can be detrimental to hatchability when provided to breeders: eggs from these breeders have impaired development in embryonic and neonatal stages, and have increased and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Thus, both problems can be fully resolved if dietary sources rich in MUFAs are provided together with CLA. Emerging evidence suggests that CLA exerts a critical impact on stress and immune functions as it can completely nullify some of the adverse effects produced by immune challenges and reduce mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, CLA is a key regulator of genes that may be responsible for lipid metabolism in chickens. CLA down-regulates both expression of the gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and its protein activity in the chicken liver while up-regulating mRNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-l.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.178-191
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• 2003

OMC is essentialiy necessary compound in sun goods as organic UV protecting products. But the skin-trouble problem is raising because of skin penetration of OMC. In this study, non-capsulated pure OMC was compared with Organic-Inorganic-Nano-hybrid OMC for skin penetration force and SPF degree. Organic- Inorganic Nano-Hybrid OMC is OMC trapped in the pore of the mesoporous silica synthesized by the sol-gel method after OMC is nanoemulsified in the system of the hydrogenated Lecithin/ Ethanol/caprylic/capric triglyceride/OMC/water. OMC- nano- emulsion was obtained by a microfluidizing process at 1000bar and then micelle size in the nanoemulsion solution is 100-200nm range. Mesoporous silica nano-hybrid OMC was prepared by the process; surfactant was added in dissolved OMC-Nanoemulsion, then the rod Micelle was formed. OMC-nanoemulsion was capsulated in this rod Micelle and then silica precursor was added in the OMC-nanoemulsion solution. Through the hydrolysis reaction of the silica precursor, mesoporous silica concluding OMC-Nanocapsulation was obtained. The nano-hybrid surface of this OMC-Nanoemulsion-Inorganic system was treated with polyalkyl-silane compound. OMC-Mesoporous silica Nano-hybrids coated with polyalkyl-silane compound show the higher sun protecting factor (SPF Analyzer: INDEX 10-15) than pure OMC and could reduce a skin penetration of OMC. The physico-chemical properties of these nano-hybrids measured on the SPF index, partical size, strcture, specific surface area, pore size, morphology, UV absorption, rate of the OMC dissolution using SPF Analyzer, Laser light scattering system, XRD, BET, SEM, chroma Meter, HPLC, Image analyzer, microfluidizer, UV/VIS. spectrometer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.478-483
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the physico-chemical properties of Schizandra chinensis Baillon orchard soils located in Jangsu-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Surface (0 to 10 cm) soils were collected from 200 experimental sites located at Jangsu-eup (53 site), Gyenam-myeon (31), Chunchun-myeon (73), Janggye-myeon (12), Bunyam-myeon (31). The soil texture was mostly loamy sand, and the mean values of degree of soil aggregate and soil porosity were 33.1 and 59.9%, respectively. The pH, EC, total-N, available-P, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity of the soils were $5.51{\pm}0.54$, $290{\pm}139{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$, $946.3{\pm}65.5mg\;kg^{-1}$, $319.6{\pm}29.2mg\;kg^{-1}$, $29.0{\pm}13.9g\;kg^{-1}$ and $4.11{\pm}0.34cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn were $3.48{\pm}0.55$, $0.09{\pm}0.04$, $6.90{\pm}0.91$ and $97.7{\pm}42.2mg\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. The presented data can be utilized in better managing Schizandra chinensis Baillon orchard soils in the studied areas.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.3637-3641
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• 2014

In this study, we analyzed the toxicity of mixtures of dimethylformamide (DMF) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) or DMF and toluene (TOL) and predicted their toxicity using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). A QSAR model for single substances and mixtures was analyzed using multiple linear regression (MLR) by taking into account the statistical parameters between the observed and predicted $EC_{50}$. After preprocessing, the best subsets of descriptors in the learning methods were determined using a 5-fold cross-validation method. Significant differences in physico-chemical properties such as boiling point (BP), specific gravity (SG), Reid vapor pressure (rVP), flash point (FP), low explosion limit (LEL), and octanol/water partition coefficient (Pow) were observed between the single substances and the mixtures. The $EC_{50}$ of the mixture of DMF and TOL was significantly lower than that of DMF. The mixture toxicity was directly related to the mixing ratio of TOL and MEK (MLR $EC_{50}$ equation = $1.76997-1.12249{\times}TOL+1.21045{\times}MEK$), as well as to SG, VP, and LEL (MLR equation $EC_{50}=15.44388-19.84549{\times}SG+0.05091{\times}VP+1.85846{\times}LEL$). These results show that QSAR-based models can be used to quantitatively predict the toxicity of mixtures used in manufacturing industries.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.841-857
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• 2012

Preliminary ecological environmental assessments including physico-chemical constituents, water quality, fish fauna analysis, physical habitat health, and ecological health assessment were conducted as a primary step for Jeungchon micro-habitat ecosystem restoration in 2012. Water chemistry analysis of conductivity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a and etc. indicated that there were no significant differences(p < 0.05) among 6 sites between the headwaters and downstream. Multi-metric model analysis of Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index(QHEI) showed that brooklets were at "good condition" as a mean QHEI of 158.7(n = 6) and the longitudinal differences of the model values between the sites were minor(QHEI range: 153 - 165). Total fish species and the number of individuals were 12 and 481, respectively, and dominant species were Zacco platypus(49.5%) and Zacco koreanus(36.8%). Tolerance guild analysis showed that the proportion of sensitive species($S_S$) had a negative linear function[$S_S=86.35-0.31(D_H)$; $R^2$ = 0.892, p < 0.01] with a distance from the headwaters, while the proportion of tolerant species($T_S$) had a positive linear function($R^2$ = 0.950, F = 90.28, p < 0.001) with the distance. Trophic feeding guild analysis showed that the proportion of insectivore species($I_n$) had a negative linear function($R^2$ = 0.934, p < 0.01) with a distance from the headwaters, while the proportion of omnivore species($O_m$) had a positive linear function($R^2$ = 0.958, p < 0.001) with the distance. Index of Biological Integrity(IBI) model, based on fish assemblages, showed a "fair condition" as a mean IBI of 23(n = 6), and there was a distinct differences of ecological health between the headwaters(S1 = 30; "good condition") and the downstreams(S6 = 14; "poor condition"). Overall, the preliminary environmental impact assessments suggest that water quality, physical habitat conditions(QHEI model), and ecological health(IBI model) were maintained well, even if the state was not an excellent conditions.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.325-338
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• 2009

National parks provide recreation, health, and science to human being. The provision of beautiful landscape view of the national park improves an economic and social phase of a nation. However, visibility impairment frequently occurred in the national park area of Gyeongju. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical and the chemical characteristics of visibility reduction observed at the national park area of Gyeongju. Optical, chemical, meteorological characteristics and scenic monitoring were performed at the visibility monitoring station of Gyeongju University located at the Seoak section of Gyeongju national park from April 28 to May 9, 2008. Light extinction, light scattering, and light absorption coefficients were continuously measured using a transmissometer, a nephelometer, and an aethalometer, respectively. In order to investigate the impact of aerosol chemistry on visibility impairment, size-resolved aerosols were collected at intervals of 2-hour (from 8 A.M. to 6 P.M.) and 14-hour (from 6 P.M. to 8 A.M.) interval each sampling day. The average light extinction coefficient and the average visual range were measured to be $270{\pm}135\;Mm^{-1}$ and $14.5{\pm}6.3\;km$ during the intensive monitoring period, respectively. It was revealed that sulfate particle was the largest contributor to the light extinction under hazy condition. Organic mass accounted for about 26% of the average light extinction. The mass extinction efficiencies for $PM_{1.0}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_{10}$ were estimated to be 9.0, 4.7, and $2.7\;m^2\;g^{-1}$ under the consideration of water growth function of hygroscopic aerosols, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 1981

Studies on the physico-chemical properties of acetone-solubles from Torreya nucifera seeds, the composition, and chemical structure of desmethylsterol from the lipids are summarized as follows; 1. The acetone-soluble lipids and moisture content of Torreya nucifera seeds amounted to 46.6% and 9.3%, respectively. 2. The unsaponifiable content, iodine value, and saponification value of the lipids were 0.3%, 122 and 189.3, respectively. 3. The desmethylsterols comprised three components, whose Rrts (1.5% OV-17 to ${\beta}$-sitosterol) corresponded to 1.09 (trace), 1.16 (trace) and 1.33 (98%). 4. From IR, mass and NMR spectrometric features, the prominent desemethylsterol appears to be 24(?)-ethylcholesta-5-en-3${\beta}$-ol.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.52-57
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• 2008

In this study, the effects of carbonization temperature on the physico-chemical properties of porous wood charcoal are studied by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies. IR studies showed that cellulose and hemicellulose are mostly decomposed in the precarbonization stage at $500^{\circ}C$, while the decomposition reaction of relatively more stable lignin lasts up to $700^{\circ}C$. Above $900^{\circ}C$, the peak at $1575cm^{-1}$ disappears and a new peak at $1630cm^{-1}$, which seems to be related to the new carbon deposit phase, is evolved. The results of Raman studies, which show the red-shift of D-band and the increase in the relative intensity of D- to G-band, indicate that the size of the crystalline becomes smaller with increasing the carbonization temperature.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.237-252
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• 1989

The Inseong gold-silver mine is located 3Km northwest of Suanbo, Choongcheongbugdo, Republic of Korea. The mine occurs in the shear zone formed by tension fractures within the Hwanggangri Formation of the Ogcheon metamorphic belt. Ore minerals found in the gold-silver bearing hydrothermal quartz vein composed mainly of pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and minor amount of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, stannite, bismuthininte, native bismuth, chalcocite, electrum and tellurian canfieldite(?). The gangue minerals are quartz, calcite, chlorite and rhodochrocite. Wallrock alterations such as chloritization, silicitication, pyritization, carbonitization and sericitization can be observed in or around the quartz vein. According to the paragenetic sequence, quartz vein structure and mineral assemnlages, three different stages of ore formation can be recognized. The physico-chemical environment of ore formation in this deposit shows slight variation from stage to stage, but the condition of main ore deposition can be summarized as follows. Fluid inclusion, S-istope geothermometry and geothermometry based on mineral chemistry by use of arsenopyrite and chlorite show the ore was formed at temperature between 399 and $210^{\circ}C$ from fluids with salinities of 3.3-5.8 wt.% equivalent NaCl. It indicates that pressure during the mineralization is less than 0.6 Kb corresponding to a depth not greater than 1Km. S-isotope data suggests that thermal fluid may have magmatic origin wit some degree of mixing with meteoric water. In coclusion, the Inseong gold-silver deposit was formed at shallow depth and relatively high-temperature possibly with steep geothermal gradient under xenothermal condition.