• 제목/요약/키워드: physical weathering

검색결과 205건 처리시간 0.024초

화순 운주사 석조불감의 재질특성과 풍화훼손도 평가 (Material Characteristics and Deterioration Assessment of the Stone Buddhas and Shrine in Unjusa Temple, Hwasun, Korea)

  • 박성미;이명성;최석원;이찬희
    • 보존과학회지
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    • 제24권
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    • pp.23-36
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    • 2008
  • 화순 운주사 석조불감(보물 제797호)은 고려시대 양식을 갖추고 있는 석조문화재로서 아주 독특한 형식적 특징을 보여준다. 남북의 감실 내부에는 각각의 불상이 등을 맞대고 있는 쌍배 좌상의 형태를 보이고 있어 역사적, 미술사적 및 학술적으로 높은 평가를 받고 있다. 그러나 이 석조불감은 특별한 보호시설 없이 옥외에 노출되어 장기간의 풍화작용으로 다양한 훼손양상이 복합적으로 나타나고 있다. 이 석조불감은 총 47매의 암석으로 구성되어 있으며, 총 하중은 약 56.6톤이다. 구성 재질은 주로 회백색의 유리질 조직을 갖는 화산력 응회암류로 암편질 응회암과 유문암질 각력응회암이다. 또한 이들의 보수과정에서 부분적으로 흑운모 화강암을 사용하였다. 이들 응회암질암의 화학적 풍화지수는 52.1~59.4이나, 대체적인 화강암은 보다 신선한 50.0~51.0을 보인다. 이 연구에서는 석조불감에 나타나는 손상유형을 크게 물리적, 화학적 및 생물학적 풍화로 구분하여 훼손양상에 따라 종합훼손지도를 작성하였고, 표면적 대비 점유율을 산출하였다. 이 결과, 물리적 풍화양상 중 박리박락이 모든 방위에서 가장 높은 점유율을 보였으며, 방위로는 석감의 남측 면이 39.1%로 가장 높은 풍화도를 보였다. 화학적 풍화는 흑색 변색, 황갈색 변색, 백화현상 순으로 나타났으며 석감의 서측 면에서 61.2%의 높은 점유율을 보인다. 육안으로 볼 때, 가장 심각한 훼손을 보이는 생물학적 풍화는 회색지의류가 압도적으로 높으며, 석조불감 북측 면이 38.3%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 따라서 균열과 박리박락이 심한 부재의 접합 및 보강이 선행되어야 하며, 이차적 오염물질과 생물들은 정기적인 세정을 통해 제거하는 등 각각의 손상도에 적합한 보존방안의 수립과 임상실험을 통한 과학적 처리가 필요하다.

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국내 석조유산의 기후변화 영향: 연구동향과 미래전망 (Climate Change Impact on Korean Stone Heritage: Research Trends and Prospect)

  • 김지영
    • 보존과학회지
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    • 제32권3호
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    • pp.437-448
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    • 2016
  • 전지구적으로 일어나는 기후변화에 대응하기 위해 20세기 말부터 선진국을 중심으로 기후변화에 의한 문화유산 취약성 평가와 대책 연구가 활발히 이루어져 관련 연구방법이 정립되고 방대한 기후자료와 손상예측 자료가 축적되었다. 우리나라는 관련된 정책연구가 다수 수행된 반면 여전히 과학적인 근거자료를 확보해야 하는 당면 과제가 남아있다. 한반도 미래 기후자료를 반영한 국내 석조유산의 미래 손상양상은 물리적, 화학적 및 생물학적 풍화 측면에서 복합적으로 변화할 가능성이 높으며, 이는 문화유산 보존 분야의 산업과 행정관리에도 영향을 미칠 것으로 전망된다. 앞으로 기후변화에 의한 석조유산의 영향 연구는 지역과 자료주기의 다운스케일을 통해 정밀화된 방향으로 진행되어야 한다. 이를 통해 손상유형과 지역별로 미래 환경에 취약한 석조유산을 가려내고 대응방안을 마련하는 것이 필요하다.

촉진열화실험에 의한 소나무의 물성 및 조직 변화에 대한 연구 (Study on the Change of Physical and Anatomical Properties in the Pine Wood by Accelerated Weathering Test)

  • 김광철
    • 한국가구학회지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.324-331
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    • 2012
  • The domestic pine was used to investigate the change of specific gravity, moisture contents, color and anatomical structure by accelerated weathering test (AWT). According to visual inspection, a few knot separation and looseness as well as considerable surface discoloration was found out. However, the crack and split of surface texture have been never occurred till the last step of AWT. On the whole, as the time of accelerated weathering test has increased, the specific gravity has decreased. Finally, after the 9th week of AWT, the specific gravity was 0.38 that reached to 82% compared to the control specimen. In case of moisture content (MC), it showed rising trend in its early stages, however, after 3th week of AWT it have displayed steady state. A deterioration of cell-wall components was not remarkably observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), however the ray fractures of AWT specimen were observed more than those of control specimen. The full fracture of epithelial cell around resin canal was observed by optical microscope. The fracture of ray of 2th cycle AWT specimen was first, followed by 1th week and control group. A distortion of tracheid for early spring wood and fracture of epithelial cell were generally observed by a similar level, regardless of duration time of AWT. Therefore, it is obvious that increasing duration time of AWT does not affect the deterioration of micro-structure for wood members from this study. Although a considerable change of anatomical properties was not found, there is a need of further research to understand how will the changes of specific gravity and MC on the physical properties of wood member.

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석조문화재의 생물학적 손상과 보존방안 (The biodeterioration and conservation of stone historical monuments)

  • 정용재;서민석;이규식;한성희
    • 보존과학연구
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    • 통권24호
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    • pp.5-28
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    • 2003
  • Stone has been one of the most intensely studied materials in conservation. Understanding the deterioration of stone needs various knowledge in different mineralogical and physical characteristics and its weathering response under different climate and environment. The alteration and weathering of stone is affected by natural or artificial elements whether they are physical, chemical or biological damaging factors. It can be said that the bio deterioration of stone is coupled with every environmental factors, which induce decomposition of stone structure, either directly or indirectly as a form of catalysis. Many elements contribute to the deterioration of stone monuments and other objects of cultural value such as pagoda, stature of Buddha, etc. This report concentrates on the action of biodeteriorative factorsincluding bacteria, algae and higher plants. Preventive and remedial methods and a selection of chemical treatments are also described.

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Weathering and Degradation Assessment of Rock Properties at the West Stone Pagoda, Gameunsaji Temple Site, Korea

  • Lee, Chan Hee;Lee, Myeong Seong;Kim, Jiyoung
    • Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.29-37
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    • 2012
  • The West Stone Pagoda at Gameunsaji Temple Site constructed in the 7th century is mainly composed of dark grey dacitic tuff bearing small numerous dioritic xenoliths. These xenoliths resulted in small holes due to differential weathering process from the host rocks. Physical strength of the pagoda was decreased due to weathering and damage caused by petrological, biological and coastal environmental factors. The southeastern part of the pagoda was extremely deteriorated that the rock surface showed exfoliation, fracture, open cavity, granular decomposition of minerals and salt crystallization by seawater spray from the eastern coast. The stone blocks were intersected by numerous cracks and contaminated by subsequent material such as cement mortar and iron plates. Also, the pagoda was colonized by algae, fungi, lichen and bryophytes on the roof rock surface and the gaps between the blocks. As a result of ultrasonic test, the rock materials fell under Highly Weathered Grade (HW) or Completely Weathered Grade (CW). Thus, conservational intervention is essentially required to prevent further weakening of the rock materials.

Understanding the Degradative Effects of Different Climatological Conditions on Architectural Coatings: Progress Report on Korea Institute of Construction Materials Site Comparison Study of Seosan (Korea) Outdoor Exposure Testing Facility

  • Choi, Yoon;Pyo, Soonjin;Seo, Junsik;Yang, Inmo;Kim, Seungjin;Kim, Sangmyoung
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.116-118
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    • 2009
  • Korea Institute of Construction Materials founded Seosan Outdoor Exposure Test Site 2005 at Korea, which is a part of Worldwide Exposure Network (WEN). To evaluate the test site along with other exposure test sites, three different types of paints have been under real time weathering conditions at three major weathering test facilities around the world. Using these test specimens several spectroscopic experiments along with physical tests have been performed. Also acceleration tests have been performed using the same paints. The correlation of weathered paints among three different test facilities and accelerated test results has been compared. From the results the reliability of Seosan Weathering Test Facility and reasonable life time prediction tests are discussed.

의성 탑리리 오층석탑의 염풍화 특성과 메커니즘 해석 (Salt Weathering Characteristics and Mechanism Interpretation of the Five-Storied Stone Pagoda in Tapri-ri, Uiseong)

  • 이미혜;이명성;이재만;전유근
    • 보존과학연구
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    • 통권33호
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    • pp.57-67
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    • 2012
  • 의성 탑리리 오층석탑은 박리박락, 입상분해, 표면변색 등 물리적 및 화학적 훼손이 발생하여 석탑의 표면이 심하게 훼손되어 있으며, 특히 주요 훼손영역에서는 염에 의한 백화현상이 발생하고 있다. 석탑에서 발생한 염의 SEM-EDS 분석 및 X-선 회절분석 결과, 대표적인 염은 석고로 나타났으며, 일부 영역에서 타라나카이트도 확인되었다. 석탑과 동일한 암석을 선택하여 염풍화 실험을 실시한 결과, 암석의 표면은 염 결정 성장과 함께 염에 의한 백화현상이 발생하였으며 내부는 미세균열 및 공극을 따라 염 수용액이 이동하고 결정화되면서 풍화(박리박락, 입상분해)되는 것으로 나타났다.

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The Influence of Weathering Conditions on the Outer Membrane of Biogas with Plasticized PVC : A Study using Non-destructive Tests

  • Kim, Changhwan;Ki, Wootae;Kim, SangMyung;Shin, Jinyong
    • 한국표면공학회지
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    • 제47권2호
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    • pp.57-62
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    • 2014
  • The biogas holder is composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane which are subject to outdoor exposure and gas exposure respectively. The influence of weathering conditions on the photo-degradation of a biogas holder was investigated. Tests were performed under three different methods - outdoor exposure tests (Seosan, Arizona), accelerated tests (Xenon-are lamp) with the outer-membrane of biogas. Moreover, the changes in the aging process were monitored using color difference, gloss, the contact angle and an optical microscope. Changes in physical properties, such as decrease reduction in gloss, decrease in the contact angle, increase in color difference were observed in the aging process. The comparison between membrane 3B, 4B and membrane 5B under xenon-arc were discussed. Membrane 5B was very sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) ray. There were many difficulties in the outdoor exposure test due to acid rain, dust, and stain resistance.

강릉 심곡 해안에 발달한 타포니의 물리·화학적 특성에 기초한 풍화 진행 양상 (An Aspect of Weathering Progress Based on Physical and Chemical Properties of Tafoni in the Simgok Area of Gangneung, Korea)

  • 김유정;김종연;김종욱;한민
    • 한국지형학회지
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.19-42
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    • 2018
  • In this study, we surveyed weathering progressing aspect by major elements variation and rock hardness by using XRF analysis, schmidt hammer, and thin section analysis. This observation suggested that the weathering process is likely to develop differently according to microstructural characteristics. R-value on the inside wall are lower than those on the outside. Also, the shadier the environment was, the closer it was to inshore areas, the R-value appeared to be lower. The movement of the elements such as Ca, Na and K shows that feldspar is hydrolyzed and can form salt crystallization like a gypsum or halite when they combine with the elements such as S or Cl. It proved a high CaO, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$ content on flaking inside wall and rock meal. The exfoliation was mainly observed along the shady backwall and ceiling of tafoni. This helped in predicting the growth of tafoni as well as the direction of its progress.

캄보디아 바이욘 양식 관음보살상의 풍화특성과 보존처리 상태평가 (Weathering Characteristics and Condition Assessment Conservation Treatment for Bayon Style Avalokitesvara, Cambodia)

  • 최명주;이명성;유지현;전유근
    • 보존과학회지
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.167-177
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    • 2018
  • 캄보디아 앙코르 보존소에 소재하는 관음보살은 13세기 바이욘 양식의 석상으로, 중립의 장석질 잡사암으로 조성되었으며 석재 표면에 형성된 담갈색 풍화면에서는 방해석이 관찰되었다. 석상의 상태평가 결과, 박리와 균열의 중첩발생으로 인한 파편화 및 박락으로 인한 물리적 훼손이 심각하였다. 특히 물리적 훼손부 및 주변은 초음파속도가 낮아 입자의 결합력을 향상시킬 수 있는 보존처리가 필요한 상태였다. 이에 따라 석상의 보존환경을 고려한 염풍화의 방재 및 물리적 안정성 확보를 위하여 에틸 실리케이트계 강화제 및 석재와 유사성분의 석분을 배합하여 충전하고 노후된 보수물질을 교체하였다.